Mediastinum in relation to endovascular interventions Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

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2
Q

What is found in the anterior mediastinum?

A

In an adult, this section is mostly filled with adipose tissue
In a child, this contains the thymus, which is responsible for maturation of T-lymphocytes
This slowly becomes replaced by adipose tissue after puberty

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3
Q

What structures are found in the middle mediastinum?

A

Pericardium
Heart
Parts of the great vessels

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4
Q

What are some characteristics of azygous veins?

A

They are highly fragile and prone to rupture in chest trauma
It arches anteriorly and superiorly to the lung hilum to drain into the SVC
It drains blood from each of the intercostal veins which are found in each intercostal space

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5
Q

Where does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?

A

Through the aortic hiatus

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6
Q

What are the branches of the ascending aorta?

A

The left and right coronary arteries

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7
Q

What are the 3 branches of the arch of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

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8
Q

What are the 2 branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Right common carotid artery
Right subclavian artery

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9
Q

What are the branches of the thoracic aorta?

A
  • 11 pairs of bilateral posterior intercostal arteries
  • Anterior:
  • Bronchial arteries
  • Oesophageal arteries
  • Mediastinal arteries
  • Pericardial arteries
  • Phrenic arteries
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10
Q

Where does lymph from the grey areas travel?

A

Into the thoracic duct and then into the left venous angle

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11
Q

Where does lymph from the pink areas travel?

A

Into the right lymphatic duct and then into the right venous angle

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12
Q

What forms the left venous angle?

A

The left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein

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13
Q

What forms the right venous angle?

A

The right internal jugular vein and the right subclavian vein

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14
Q

Which lymph nodes are found around the main bronchus of the lung?

A

Bronchopulmonary (Hillar) lymph nodes

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15
Q

Where does lymph from the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes drain into before the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct?

A

Tracheobronchial lymph nodes

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16
Q

What name is given to the swollen start of the thoracic duct?

A

Cisterna chyli

17
Q

Where does the thoracic duct start?

A

At the cisterna chyli in the abdomen

18
Q

Describe the path of the thoracic duct

A

It starts in the abdomen and passes through the aortic hiatus
It then travels between the oesophagus and azygous vein and then into the left venous angle

19
Q

Describe the path of the right vagus nerve

A

The right vagus nerve travels along the medial surface of the trachea, then posterior to the Hilum, before forming a plexus with the left surface of the oesophagus

20
Q

Describe the path pf the left vagus nerve

A

The left vagus nerve travels over the surface of the arch of the aorta, then posterior to the hilum, before forming a plexus with the right on the surface of the oesophagus

21
Q

What are the structures of the superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior?

A

Brachiocephalic veins
Superior vena cava
Arch of aorta
Trachea
Oesophagus
Thoracic duct

22
Q

What are the nerves of the superior mediastinum from lateral to medial?

A

Phrenic
Vagus
Recurrent laryngeal nerves (of vagus)

23
Q

What forms the right brachiocephalic vein?

A

Right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein

24
Q

What forms the left brachiocephalic vein?

A

Left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein

25
Q

What forms the superior vena cava?

A

Left and right brachiocephalic veins

26
Q

Which veins are the central veins?

A

Internal jugular veins
Subclavian veins
Brachiocephalic veins
Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Iliac veins
Femoral veins

27
Q

What is clinically important about the central veins?

A

They are the sites for central venous cannulation

28
Q

What forms the phrenic nerves?

A

The C3, 4 and 5 spinal nerves

29
Q

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hook?

A

It hooks under the right subclavian artery, much higher than the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

30
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hook?

A

It hooks under the ligament arteriosum

31
Q

Where do the phrenic nerves provide somatic motor innervation to?

A

The diaphragm

32
Q

Where do the phrenic nerves provide somatic sensory innervation to?

A

Mediastinal parietal pleura
Fibrous pericardium
Diaphragmatic parietal pleura
Diaphragmatic parietal pericardium

33
Q

What types of innervation are carried by the vagus nerve (Before splitting)?

A

Somatic sensory nerves
Somatic motor nerves
Autonomic parasympathetic nerves

34
Q

Where do the phrenic nerves provide somatic sensory innervation to?

A

The palate
The laryngopharynx
The larynx

35
Q

Where do the phrenic nerves provide somatic motor innervation to?

A

The pharynx
The larynx

36
Q

Where do the phrenic nerves provide autonomic parasympathetic nerves to?

A

The thoracic and abdominal organs

37
Q

Which innervations are contained in the vagus nerve after splitting into the recurrent laryngeal nerves?

A

Autonomic parasympathetic only