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Cardiovascular system > Feedback control in the cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Feedback control in the cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is measured when blood pressure is taken?

A

The systemic arterial blood pressure during systole and diastole

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2
Q

What is systemic systolic arterial blood pressure?

A

The outwards, hydrostatic pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries when the heart contracts

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3
Q

What is systemic diastolic arterial blood pressure?

A

The outwards, hydrostatic pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries when the heart relaxes

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4
Q

What is the ideal systolic arterial blood pressure range for a person under 80?

A

90-120 mmHg

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5
Q

What is the ideal diastolic arterial blood pressure range for a person under 80?

A

60-80 mmHg

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6
Q

What clinic blood pressure is defined as hypertension?

A

140/90 mmHg or higher

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7
Q

What day time average pressure is defined as hypertension?

A

135/85 mmHg or higher

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8
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures

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9
Q

What is the ideal pulse pressure range?

A

30-50 mmHg

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10
Q

What is mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)?

A

The average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle, which involves systole and diastole

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11
Q

Why is the mean arterial blood pressure not the value half way between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

A

Because during the cardiac cycle, the diastolic portion is twice as long as the systolic

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12
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial blood pressure?

A

MAP=(2D+S)/3, where S is systolic pressure and D is diastolic

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13
Q

What is the ideal mean arterial blood pressure range?

A

70-105 mmHG

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14
Q

What is the minimum mean arterial blood pressure required to perfuse vital organs such as the brain?

A

60 mmHg

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15
Q

Why can blood pressure not get too high?

A

If pressure is too high, blood vessels can become damaged and extra strain can be placed on the heart and other vital organs such as the brain or kidneys

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16
Q

What type of receptor detects changes in blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptors

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17
Q

What is the control centre within the brain for blood pressure?

A

The medulla oblongata

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18
Q

What are the 2 main types of baroreceptors?

A

Carotid and aortic baroreceptors

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19
Q

What nerve carries impulses from the aortic baroreceptors to the medulla oblongata?

A

The vagus nerve (the 10th cranial nerve)

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20
Q

What nerve carries impulses from the carotid baroreceptors to the medulla oblongata?

A

The Hering’s nerve, which is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (the 9th cranial nerve)

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21
Q

What kind of receptors are baroreceptors?

A

They are mechanoceptors that are sensitive to stretch

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22
Q

How does an increase in mean arterial blood pressure affect the firing rate of a baroreceptor?

A

The firing rate increases

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23
Q

How does a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure affect the firing rate of a baroreceptor?

A

The firing rate decreases

24
Q

What is the site of first synapse for all cardiovascular system afferents in the medulla?

A

The nucleus tractus solitarius

25
Q

What is the function of the nucleus tractus solitarius?

A

It integrates and relays information to other regions that control the pathways of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system to the heart and blood vessels

26
Q

What is the formula for MAP using cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance?

A

MAP= CO x SVR

27
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output using stroke volume and heart rate?

A

CO = SV x HR

28
Q

What is the formula for MAP using stroke volume, heart rate and systemic vascular resistance?

A

MAP = SV x HR x SVR

29
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute

30
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per heart beat

31
Q

What is systemic vascular resistance?

A

The sum of resistance of all vasculature in the systemic circulation

32
Q

What is autorhymicity?

A

The capability of the heart to beat rhythmically in the absence of an external stimuli

33
Q

What does stimulation of the sympathetic division cause?

A

Tachycardia

34
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Acceleration of the heart rate

35
Q

What does stimulation of the parasympathetic division cause?

A

Bradycardia

36
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Deceleration of the heart rate

37
Q

What nerve is stimulated in the parasympathetic division to cause bradycardia?

A

The vagus nerve

38
Q

What neurotransmitter is present in the sympathetic division and causes bradycardia?

A

Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

39
Q

What type of receptors does noradrenaline act on during bradycardia?

A

ß1 receptors in the heart

40
Q

What neurotransmitter is present in the parasympathetic division and causes tachycardia?

A

Acetylcholine

41
Q

What type of receptor does acetylcholine act on during tachycardia?

A

Muscarinic (M2) receptors in the heart

42
Q

How does stimulation of the sympathetic division affect stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume increases as the contractile strength of the heart increases.

43
Q

How does the sympathetic nerve increase the contractile strength of the heart?

A

Sympathetic nerves innervate the ventricular myocardium and stimulation increases the force of contraction

44
Q

How does intrinsic control of stroke volume occur?

A

Through the Frank-Starling mechanism

45
Q

What vessel is the main site of systemic vascular resistance?

A

The arterioles

46
Q

What causes an increase in SVR and MAP?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle causing vasoconstriction

47
Q

What causes a decrease in SVR and MAP?

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle causing vasodilation

48
Q

What causes the vasomotor tone?

A

The tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves, resulting in continuous release of noradrenaline

49
Q

How does the sympathetic division increase SVR?

A

Sympathetic nerve fibres stimulate contraction of vascular smooth muscle

50
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic nerve fibres during vasoconstriction?

A

Noradrenaline

51
Q

What receptor does noradrenaline act upon during vasoconstriction?

A

α receptors

52
Q

What is the name given to the partial constriction of smooth muscle when at rest?

A

The vasomotor tone

53
Q

What effect does increased sympathetic stimulation have on the vasomotor tone?

A

The vasomotor tone will increase, therefore causing vasoconstriction

54
Q

What effect does decreased sympathetic stimulation have on the vasomotor tone?

A

The vasomotor tone will decrease, therefore causing vasodilation

55
Q

Where in the body is there parasympathetic innervation of arterial smooth muscle?

A

The penis and clitoris

56
Q

What happens to the firing rate of baroreceptors if high arterial blood pressure is sustained?

A

It decreases and baroreceptors reset and will only fire again if an MAP is detected above the new high level

Cardiovascular system (45 decks)

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