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The Heart > Mediastinum > Flashcards

Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mediastinum

A

Part of the thoracic cavity which lies between the lungs

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2
Q

What does the mediastinum contain

A

All thoracic viscera apart from the lungs

Heart and pericardium
Great vessels that enter and leave the heart
Veins that drain the chest wall
Trachea and main bronchi
Oesophagus
Nerves (somatic and autonomic)
Lymphatics
Thymus gland

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3
Q

What is the pericardium

A

Fibrous sac around the heart

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4
Q

What is the mediastinum divided into

A

Superior and inferior compartments

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5
Q

Where does the line between the compartments of the mediastinum run

A

Sternal angle anteriorly to the T4/T5 junction posteriorly

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6
Q

What is the inferior mediastinum divided into

A

Anterior compartments
Middle compartments
Posterior compartments

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7
Q

Where is the anterior mediastinum

A

Lies between the posterior aspect of the sternum and the anterior aspect of the pericardial sac

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8
Q

What is the anterior mediastinum

A

Narrow space that contains the thymus gland in children and remnant in adults

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9
Q

What does the middle mediastinum contain

A

Heart inside the pericardial sac
The pulmonary trunk
Ascending aorta

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10
Q

Where is the posterior mediastinum

A

Lies between the posterior aspect of the pericardial sac and the vertebrae

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11
Q

What are the main components of the superior mediastinum

A

Arch of the aorta and its three branches
Superior vena cava and its tributaries - the left and right brachiocephalic veins
Trachea
Oesophagus
Phrenic nerves (left and right)
Vagus nerves (left and right)
Thoracic duct
Thymus gland

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12
Q

What does the ascending aorta give rise to

A

Coronary arteries which supply the myocardium

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13
Q

Where does the arch of the aorta lie

A

Superior mediastinum

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14
Q

Where does the descending (thoracic) aorta descend

A

Posterior mediastinum
Into the abdomen posterior to diaphragm

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15
Q

What does the right common carotid artery supply

A

Right side of the head and neck including the brain

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16
Q

What does the right subclavian supply

A

Right upper limb

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17
Q

What does the left common carotid artery supply

A

Left side of the head, neck and brain

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18
Q

What does the left subclavian artery supply

A

Left upper limb

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19
Q

What does the arch of the aorta contain

A

Aortic bodies where chemoreceptors are located

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20
Q

What do chemoreceptors monitor

A

Arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide

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21
Q

Where does chemoreceptors information travel

A

Visceral sensory information travels back to CNS along the path of the vagus nerve

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22
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum

A

Fibrous, cord-like connection between the pulmonary trunk and the arch of the aorta

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23
Q

In the placenta what does the ductus arteriosus do

A

Diverts most of the blood entering the pulmonary trunk directly to the aortic arch

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24
Q

Where does the superior vena cava return blood from

A

From the neck, head, and upper limbs

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25
Q

Where does the superior vena cava and its tributaries lie

A

Superior mediastinum

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26
Q

What does the internal jugular vein drain

A

Head and neck

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27
Q

What does the subclavian vein drain

A

Upper limb

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28
Q

What forms each brachiocephalic vein

A

Internal jugular vein
Subclavian vein

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29
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava return blood from

A

All regions inferior to the diaphragm (abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs)

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30
Q

How long is the thoracic part of the IVC

A

Very short

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31
Q

What is the shape of the trachea

A

Semi-rigid due to C-shape incomplete rings of cartilage in its walls

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32
Q

Where is the trachea palpable

A

Just superior to the suprasternal notch

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33
Q

Where does the trachea extend

A

Larynx in the midline of the neck into the superior mediastinum

34
Q

Where does the trachea terminate

A

At the level of the sternal angle (and junction between T4 and T5 vertebrae) by bifurcating into the left and right main bronchi

35
Q

What is the oesophagus

A

Muscular tube

36
Q

Where is the oesophagus

A

Extends from the pharynx in the midline of the neck to the stomach

37
Q

How does the oesophagus work

A

Waves of contractions of smooth muscle in the oesophageal wall move swallowed food and fluid distally (peristalsis)

38
Q

Where does the oesophagus lie in the superior mediastinum

A

Lies in the midline of the thorax, posterior to the trachea

39
Q

What are the right and left phrenic nerves formed by

A

C3, C4, C5 spinal nerves

40
Q

What innervates the diaphragm

A

Right and left phrenic nerves

41
Q

What are the phrenic nerves

A

Somatic nerves

Contain motor and sensory fibres

42
Q

Where do the left and right phrenic nerves descend

A

Descend through the neck

43
Q

Where do the left and right phrenic nerves enter the thorax

A

Through the superior thoracic aperture

44
Q

What is the thoracic duct

A

Major channel for lymphatic drainage from most regions of the body

45
Q

Where does the thoracic duct empty

A

Into the venous system at the union of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

46
Q

What type of organ is the thymus

A

Lymphoid organ

47
Q

Where does the thymus lie

A

Superior mediastinum

48
Q

What is the pericardium

A

Tough, fibrous sac that encloses the heart like a loose-fitting bag

49
Q

Why is the pericardium loose

A

Allow movement of the heart within it

50
Q

How many layers do the pericardium have and there names

A

2

Outer fibrous layer
Inner serous layer

51
Q

Where is the tough, outer fibrous layer of the pericardium attach

A

Attached superiorly to the great vessels
Inferiorly to the central tendon of the diaphragm

52
Q

What are the two parts of the thin, inner serous layer

A

Parietal layer
Visceral layer

53
Q

What does the parietal layer of the inner serous layer line

A

Inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium

54
Q

What does the visceral layer of the inner serous layer line

A

Covers the surface of the heart

55
Q

What is the space between the two layers of the serous pericardium

A

Pericardial cavity

56
Q

What does the pericardial cavity contain

A

Small amount of pericardial fluid that lubricated the serous membranes

Allows them to slide over each other with movements of the heart

57
Q

What innervates the fibrous pericardium

A

Right and left phrenic nerves give rise to sensory branches

58
Q

Where does the apex project

A

Left of the sternum towards the left lung

59
Q

Name the surfaces of the heart

A

Base
Inferior surface
Anterior surface
Pulmonary surface

60
Q

Where does the base (surface of the heart) face

A

posteriorly

61
Q

What is another name for the base surface

A

Posterior surface

62
Q

Where is the inferior surface of the heart

A

Lies on the central tendon of the diaphragm

63
Q

What is another name for the inferior surface

A

Diaphragmatic surface

64
Q

What does the anterior surface face

A

The sternum and ribs

65
Q

What is another name for the anterior surface

A

Sternocostal surface

66
Q

What is the pulmonary surface

A

Left and right sides of the heart face the lungs

67
Q

What does the base/posterior surface of the the heart relate to

A

Left atrium
Part of right atrium

68
Q

What does the inferior/diaphragmatic surface relate to

A

Left ventricle
Part of the right ventricle

69
Q

What does the anterior/sternocostal surface relate to

A

Right ventricle

70
Q

What does the left pulmonary surface relate to

A

Left ventricle

71
Q

What does the right pulmonary surface relate to

A

Left atrium

72
Q

What is the apex formed by

A

Left ventricle

73
Q

Where does the apex lie

A

Lies at the left 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

74
Q

Where is the apex palpable

A

Left 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

75
Q

What does the right border correspond to

A

Right atrium

76
Q

What does the left border correspond to

A

Left ventricle

77
Q

What does the inferior border correspond to

A

Right ventricle and part of the left ventricle

78
Q

Where does the right border lie

A

Lateral to the right sternal angle

From right 3rd to right 6th costal cartilage

79
Q

Where does the left border lie

A

Extends from left 2nd to left 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular lie

80
Q

Where does the superior border lie

A

Along the line connecting the superior extents of the right and left borders

right 3rd costal cartilage to left 2nd intercostal space

81
Q

Where does the inferior border lie

A

Along the line connecting the inferior end of the right border with the apex

82
Q

What is an auricle

A

Outpouchings from the walls of the right and left atria

The Heart (12 decks)

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