Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic 3 events in the cardiac cycle

A

LV contraction

LV relaxation

LV filling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What parts of the cardiac cycle are in left ventricle contraction

A

Isovolumetric contraction

Maximal elejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What parts of the cardiac cycle are in left ventricle relaxation

A

Start of relaxation and reduced ejection

Isovolumetric relaxation

Rapid LV filling and LV suction

Slow LV filling (diastasis)

Atrial booster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is ventricular contraction

A

Systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens at systole

A

Wave of depolarisation arrives

Opens the L-calcium tubule

Ca2+ arrive at contractile proteins

LVp rises > LAp

MV closes

LVp rises (isovolumetric contraction) > Aop

AoV opens and ejection starts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In systole is the L ventricle or atria have more pressure

A

Left ventricle pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In isovolumetric contraction does the L ventricle or atria have more pressure

A

Left ventricle pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What valve opens in systole to start ejection

A

Aortic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is diastole

A

Ventricular relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe diastole

A

LVp peaks then decreases

Influence of phosphorylated phospholambdam cytosolic calcium is taken up into the SR

Phase of reduced ejection

Ao flow is maintained by aortic distensibility

LVp < AoP

Ao. valve closes

Isovolumetric relaxation the MV opens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In diastole is the left ventricle pressure more than the aortic pressure

A

Less than

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe ventricular filling

A

LVp < LAp

MV opens

Rapid filling starts

Ventricular suction contributes

Diastasis (seperation) LVp = LAp filling temporarily stops

Filling is renewed when A contraction raises LAp creating pressure gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In ventricular filling is the left ventricle or atria have more pressure

A

Atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does ventricular suction contribute to

A

Ventricular filling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is physiologic systole

A

Isovolumetric contraction

Maximal ejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is cardiologic systole

A

From M1 to A2

Only part of isovolumetric contraction - includes maximal and reduced ejection phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is physiologic diastole

A

Reduced ejection

Isovolumetric relaxation

Filling phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is cardiologic diastole

A

A2 to M11 interval - filling phases included

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define preload

A

Load present before LV contraction has started

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define afterload

A

Load after the ventricle starts to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define starlings Law

A

Within physiologic limits, the larger the volume off the heart, the greater energy of its contraction and the amount of chemical change at each contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In starlings law what is LV filling pressure

A

Left atrium pressure - left ventricle diastolic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In the cardiac sarcomere at 80% of the optimal length, what % of the maximal force is produced

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the maximal length of the cardiac sarcomere

A

2.2 um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When the sarcomere lengthens to 85% of Lmax what is effected

A

Physiologic LV volume

26
Q

What is the relationship of the sarcomere

A

Length-dependent activation

All or none

27
Q

Define contractility (inotropic state)

A

State of the heart which enables it to increase its contraction velocity, to achieve higher pressure, when contractility is increased independent of load

28
Q

Define elasticity

A

Myocardial ability to recover its normal shape after removal of systolic stress

29
Q

Define compliance

A

Relationship between the change in stress and resultant strain (dP/dV)

30
Q

Define diastolic distensibility

A

Pressure required to fill the ventricle to the same diastolic volume

31
Q

Define myocardial work

A

Pressure-volume loop reflects contractility in the end-systolic pressure volume relationship, while compliance is reflected at the end diastolic pressure volume relastionship

32
Q

When is compliance reflected

A

End diastolic pressure volume relationship

33
Q

When is contractility reflected

A

End-systolic pressure volume relationship

34
Q

What type of contraction does the heart perform

A

Isometric conditions found during isovolumetric contraction (isotonic are impossible)

35
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation do

A

Increases HR (positive chronotropic)

Increases force of contraction (positively inotropic)

Increases CO

36
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation do

A

Decreases HR (negatively chronotropic)

Decreases force of contraction (negatively inotropic)

Increases CO

37
Q

What is sympathetic stimulation controlled by

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline + type 1 beta adrenoreceptors

Increased adenylyl cyclase = increase cAMP

38
Q

What does increased sympathetic stimulation do

A

Increases HR (up to 180-250bmp)

Increases force of contraction

Large increase in CO (by up to 200%)

39
Q

What does decreased sympathetic stimulation do

A

Decreases HR and force of contraction

Decreases CO (by up to 30%)

40
Q

What is parasympathetic stimulation controlled by

A

Acetylcholine

M2 receptors - inhibit adenyl cyclase = reduced cAMP

41
Q

What does increased parasympathetic stimulation lead to

A

Decreased HR (temporary pause or as low as 30-40bpm)

Decreased force of contraction

Decreased CO (by up to 50%)

42
Q

What does decreased parasympathetic stimulation do

A

Increased HR

43
Q

What is the pressure in the right atrium

A

0-4mmHg

44
Q

What is the pressure in the right ventricle during systole

A

25mmHg

45
Q

What is the pressure in the right ventricle during diastole

A

4mmHg

46
Q

What is the pressure in the pulmonary artery during systole

A

25mmHg

47
Q

What is the pressure in the pulmonary artery during diastole

A

10mmHg

48
Q

What is the pressure in the left atrium

A

8-10mmHg

49
Q

What is the pressure in the left ventricle during systole

A

120mmHg

50
Q

What is the pressure in the right ventricle during diastole

A

10mmHg

51
Q

What is the pressure in the aorta during systole

A

120mmHg

52
Q

What is the pressure in the aorta during diastole

A

80mmHg

53
Q

Describe the filling phase

A

Ventricles fill with blood during diastole and atrial systole

54
Q

Describe outflow phase

A

Ventricles continue to contract, pushing blood into the aorta and pulmonary trunk (systole)

55
Q

Describe isovolumetric relaxation

A

Ventricles relax, ready to re-fill with blood in the next filling phase

56
Q

Describe what happens in the filling phase

A

Ventricle pressure is higher than the atria causing the atrioventricular valves (mitral/tricuspid) valves to close

57
Q

How long does isovolumetric contraction last

A

50ms - while pressure builds up

58
Q

At the beginning of diastole what valves are open

A

Atrioventricular valves an

59
Q

What happens during diastole

A

Tricuspid and mitral valves are open

Contraction of atrium moves blood into the ventricle

(Can move straight through)

Tricuspid/mitral valve prevents blood from flowing back

60
Q

Describe diastole

A

Ventricles filled with blood

Atrioventricular valves close

Semilunar valves open

Contraction of ventricles