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The Heart > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the anterior interventricular artery run?

A

Down the anterior interventricular sulcus

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2
Q

What does the anterior interventricular artery supply?

A

The anterior walls of the L and R ventricles
Anterior wall of the interventricular sulcus

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3
Q

What does the anterior interventricular artery come of?

A

Left coronary artery

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4
Q

What is the name of the fatty pouches found on the surface of the heart?

A

L and R auricle

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5
Q

From left to right name the aorta

A

Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Descending aorta

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6
Q

Which vessel sends blood from the heart to the lungs

A

Pulmonary trunk

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7
Q

Name the branches of the aorta (R to L)

A

Brachiocephalic artery
- R. subclavian artery
- R. common carotid artery
L. common carotid artery
L. subclavian artery

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8
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

The tip of the bottom

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9
Q

Where does the great cardiac vein run?

A

Next to the anterior interventricular artery

Along the anterior interventricular sulcus

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10
Q

Which veins merge to form the superior vena cava

A

R and L brachiocephalic veins

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11
Q

Where does the right coronary artery go?

A

Around the heart in the coronary sulcus

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12
Q

What does the marginal artery supply?

A

Lateral ventricle walls of the right ventricle

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13
Q

Why are anastomoses important in the heart

A

To provide alternative blood routes

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14
Q

What combines to form the coronary sinus

A

Middle cardiac vein combines with
- Small cardiac vein
- Great cardiac vein
- Posterior vein of the left ventricle

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15
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain

A

Right atrium

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16
Q

What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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17
Q

What are the cords of the valves called?

A

Cordae tendaneae

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18
Q

What are the name of the structure which holds down the valves?

A

Papillary muscles

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19
Q

Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in the right side of the heart

A

Deoxygenated

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20
Q

Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in the left side of the heart

A

Oxygenated

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21
Q

What separates the left and right ventricles and atria

A

Interventricular septum

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22
Q

What is the name of the valve after the right ventricle

A

Pulmonary/semi lunar valve

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23
Q

What carries blood away from the right ventricle

A

Pulmonary trunk (right lung is deoxygenated)

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24
Q

What is the white structure to the right of the pulmonary trunk

A

Ligamentum arteriosum from fetal ductus arteriosus

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25
Q

What drains blood into the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary veins

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26
Q

What is the name of the valve between the left atrium and ventricle

A

Bicuspid/mitral valve

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27
Q

What is the name of the heart muscle

A

Myocardium

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28
Q

What lines the internal chambers of the heart

A

Simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue (endocardium)

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29
Q

What does the circumflex artery come of

A

Left coronary artery

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30
Q

What does the circumflex artery supply

A

Little bit of atria muscular walls
Lateral walls of the left Ventricle

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31
Q

Where would you find the Fossa ovalus and what is it

A

Located in R. atrium
Scare tissue from ovale foramen

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32
Q

What is the purpose of valves

A

To prevent backflow

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33
Q

What drains into the right atrium

A

Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava
Coronary sinus

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34
Q

What drains into the left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins L (from left lungs)
Pulmonary veins R (from right lung)

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35
Q

Blood flowing back from the lungs drains into which atria

A

Left

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36
Q

How much does the heart weigh

A

200-300g

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37
Q

Which side does the circumflex artery run

A

Left

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38
Q

Which side does the coronary artery run

A

Right

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39
Q

What does the origin of the posterior interventricular artery determine

A

If an individual has a right dominant or left dominant coronary circulation

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40
Q

What is right dominant circulation

A

posterior ventricular artery arises from the right coronary

Both right and left coronary arteries supply the left ventricle

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41
Q

What is left dominant circulation

A

Posterior ventricular artery from circumflex artery

Left coronary artery supplies the entire left ventricle

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42
Q

What is the fossa ovalis

A

Depression in the interatrial septum

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43
Q

What did the foramen ovale do

A

Shunt oxygenated blood from the right atrium and to the left atrium

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44
Q

What is the crista terminalis

A

Muscular ridge that separates the smooth-walled posterior part of the atrium from the anterior part

Ridged, muscular wall

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45
Q

What are pectinate muscles

A

Ridges in the crista terminalis

Extend into the right auricle

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46
Q

What is the valve called between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Right atrioventricular valve
Tricuspid valve

47
Q

When does the right/left atrium contract

A

Blood flow is majority passive

Contracts to fully empty

48
Q

Is the right atrium or right ventricle walls thicker

A

Right ventricle

49
Q

What are the muscular ridges on the internal walls of the right ventricles

A

Trabeculae carneae

50
Q

What is the moderator band

A

Modified region on the trabeculae carneae which connects the interventricular septum to the papillary muscles

Right ventricle

51
Q

What has a thinner wall right atrium or right ventricle

A

Right ventricle

52
Q

What is the surface of the left atrium like

A

Posterior part - smooth walled
Anterior part - bears pectinate muscles

53
Q

How does blood flow from the left atrium to left ventricle

A

Left atrioventricular valve
Mitral valve

54
Q

What valve prevents backflow from the aorta

A

Aortic valve

55
Q

Is the left or the right ventricle thicker

A

Left

56
Q

What structures does the right atrium have

A

Interatrial septum
Fossa ovalis
Crista terminalis - pectinate muscles

57
Q

What structures does the right ventricle have

A

Interventricular septum
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae
Moderator band

58
Q

What structures does the left ventricle have

A

Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae

59
Q

What is the correct term for the ventricles contracting

A

Ventricular systole

60
Q

What is the role of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

A

Do not close the valves

Allow the valves to resist the pressures generated inside the ventricles during contractions

Stop the valves from being forced open

61
Q

What happens when pressure rises in ventricles

A

Valve cusps start to close passively

When valves contract papillary muscles also contract

Muscles pull on the valve cusps and prevent them everting into the atria

62
Q

How many semi-circular cusps does each semilunar valve have

A

3

63
Q

What is each semi-circular cusp attached to

A

Inner wall of the vessel with the free edge that projects into the vessel lumen

64
Q

What does each semi-lunar cusp form

A

Pocket (sinus) between its free edge and the vessel wall

65
Q

How does blood move through the semi-lunar cusps

A

Once pressure decreases blood tries to flow back

Caught in the valve cusps

Sinuses rapidly fill with blood and the cusps balloon out of the lumen

Free edges contract and close the valve orifice

66
Q

When do the coronary arteries fill

A

Ventricular relaxation

67
Q

What is the definition of abnormal heart sounds

A

Murmurs

68
Q

Where is the auscultatory area for the aortic valve

A

2nd intercostal space

Just right to the sternum

69
Q

Where is the auscultatory area for the pulmonary valve

A

2nd intercostal space

Just left of the sternum

70
Q

Where is the auscultatory area for the tricuspid valve

A

5th intercostal space

Just left of the sternum

71
Q

Where is the auscultatory area for the mitral valve

A

Left 5th intercostal space

Midclavicular line

72
Q

What is the role of the ligamentum arteriosum in fetal development

A

Pulmonary trunk to aorta

(lungs still need oxygen)

73
Q

What is the role of the fossa ovalis in the fetal development

A

Bypass the lungs

74
Q

Where does the superior vena cava arise and what from

A

It arises from the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins,

Posterior to the first right costal cartilage.

75
Q

After the union, where does the superior vena cava descend

A

It descends vertically through the superior mediastinum, behind the intercostal spaces and to the right of the aorta and trachea.

76
Q

What happens to the superior vena cava at the level of the second costal cartilage

A

SVC enters the middle mediastinum and becomes surrounded by the fibrous pericardium.

77
Q

How does the SVC terminate

A

It terminates by emptying into the superior aspect of the right atrium at the level of the third costal cartilage.

78
Q

What is the size of the superior vena cava

A

Wide diameter of up to 2cm and a length of approximately 7cm.

79
Q

What is mnemonic to remember heart valves

A

LAB RAT

Left Atrium: Bicuspid

Right Atrium: Tricuspid

Try Pulling My Aorta

Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aortic

80
Q

What are the role of baroreceptors

A

Detect changes in blood pressure

Deals with short term blood pressure correction

81
Q

Where are baroreceptors located

A

Arch of the aorta and the carotid sinus

82
Q

What is the role of peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors are activated by changes in the partial pressure of oxygen and trigger respiratory drive changes aimed at maintaining normal partial pressure levels

83
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located

A

carotid and aortic bodies,

84
Q

Where is the apex beat

A

Left 5th intercostal space mid-clavicular line

85
Q

What line divides the superior and inferior mediastinum

A

Plane between the sternal angle and T4/5

86
Q

What is the most superficial muscle of the anterior chest wall

A

Pectoralis major

87
Q

What does the pectoralis major attach

A

Upper humerus, clavicle and upper six ribs

88
Q

What lies deep to the pectoralis major

A

Pectoralis minor

89
Q

What does the pectoralis minor attach

A

Scapula and ribs 3-5

90
Q

What does the serratus anterior attach

A

Scapula and the upper eight ribs

91
Q

What is the prime function of the pectoralis major

A

Adducts the humerus

92
Q

What is the prime function of the pectoralis minor

A

Protract the scapula

93
Q

What is the prime function of the serratus anterior

A

Protracts the scapula

94
Q

What are the auscultatory areas

A

Area for each valve

95
Q

Where is the auscultatory region for the aortic valve

A

2nd intercostal space - just right of the sternum

96
Q

Where is the auscultatory region for the pulmonary valve

A

2nd intercostal space, just left of the sternum

97
Q

Where is the auscultatory region for the tricuspid valve

A

5th intercostal space, just left of the sternum

98
Q

Where is the auscultatory region for the mitral valve

A

Left 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

99
Q

Describe the pathway of the phrenic nerve

A

C3, 4, 5

Descend through the neck

Enter thorax through the superior thoracic aperture

Course over the pericardium

Peirce diaphragm (near inferior vena cava opening)

100
Q

Describe the pathway of the vagus nerve

A

Descend through the neck alongside the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein. Enter thorax by the superior thoracic aperture

Descends in thorax posterior to the root of the lung

Peirce diaphragm at oesophageal hiatus

101
Q

Describe the recurrent laryngeal nerves

A

Vagus nerve gives rise

Ascend back up into the neck to innervate the muscles of the larynx

Left - loops under the arch of the aorta before ascending back up the left side of the neck (alongside the trachea) to the larynx

Right - descends anterior to the right subclavian artery and then loops under the inferior border of the artery before ascending back up the right side of the neck (between the trachea and oesophagus) to the larynx

102
Q

Where does the vagus nerve pierce the thorax

A

Superior thoracic aperture

103
Q

Where does the vagus nerve pierce the diaphragm

A

Oesophageal hiatus

104
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve pierce the thorax

A

Superior thoracic aperature

105
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve pierce the diaphragm

A

Inferior vena cava opening

106
Q

Describe the pathway of the superior vena cava

A

Arises from union of left and right brachiocephalic veins - posterior to the first right costal cartilage

Descends vertically through the superior mediastinum, behind the intercostal spaces and to the right of the aorta and trachea

Level of 2nd costal cartilage enters the middle mediastinum - becomes surrounded by the fibrous pericardium

Terminates by emptying into the superior aspect of the right atrium at the level of the 3rd costal cartilage

107
Q

What runs on the left side of the SVC

A

Brachiocephalic artery

Ascending aorta

108
Q

What runs on the right side of the SVC

A

Phrenic nerve

Right pleura

Upper lobe of right lung

109
Q

What is posterior to the SVC

A

Trachea

Right vagus nerve

Root of the right lung

110
Q

What is located anterior to the SVC

A

Chest wall

Thymus

Internal thoracic vessels

Anterior margin of the right lung and pleura

111
Q

What is the venous drainage of the breast

A

Axillary and internal thoracic veins

112
Q

What are the internal intercostals continuous with

A

Internal oblique muscles

113
Q

What intercostals are involved in inspiration

A

External intercostals - pull ribs superiorly and laterally

114
Q

What intercostals are involved in expiration

A

Internal intercostals - pull ribs inferiorly

The Heart (12 decks)

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