Anatomy Flashcards
Where does the anterior interventricular artery run?
Down the anterior interventricular sulcus
What does the anterior interventricular artery supply?
The anterior walls of the L and R ventricles
Anterior wall of the interventricular sulcus
What does the anterior interventricular artery come of?
Left coronary artery
What is the name of the fatty pouches found on the surface of the heart?
L and R auricle
From left to right name the aorta
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Descending aorta
Which vessel sends blood from the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary trunk
Name the branches of the aorta (R to L)
Brachiocephalic artery
- R. subclavian artery
- R. common carotid artery
L. common carotid artery
L. subclavian artery
Where is the apex of the heart?
The tip of the bottom
Where does the great cardiac vein run?
Next to the anterior interventricular artery
Along the anterior interventricular sulcus
Which veins merge to form the superior vena cava
R and L brachiocephalic veins
Where does the right coronary artery go?
Around the heart in the coronary sulcus
What does the marginal artery supply?
Lateral ventricle walls of the right ventricle
Why are anastomoses important in the heart
To provide alternative blood routes
What combines to form the coronary sinus
Middle cardiac vein combines with
- Small cardiac vein
- Great cardiac vein
- Posterior vein of the left ventricle
Where does the coronary sinus drain
Right atrium
What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
What are the cords of the valves called?
Cordae tendaneae
What are the name of the structure which holds down the valves?
Papillary muscles
Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in the right side of the heart
Deoxygenated
Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in the left side of the heart
Oxygenated
What separates the left and right ventricles and atria
Interventricular septum
What is the name of the valve after the right ventricle
Pulmonary/semi lunar valve
What carries blood away from the right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk (right lung is deoxygenated)
What is the white structure to the right of the pulmonary trunk
Ligamentum arteriosum from fetal ductus arteriosus
What drains blood into the left atrium?
Pulmonary veins
What is the name of the valve between the left atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid/mitral valve
What is the name of the heart muscle
Myocardium
What lines the internal chambers of the heart
Simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue (endocardium)
What does the circumflex artery come of
Left coronary artery
What does the circumflex artery supply
Little bit of atria muscular walls
Lateral walls of the left Ventricle
Where would you find the Fossa ovalus and what is it
Located in R. atrium
Scare tissue from ovale foramen
What is the purpose of valves
To prevent backflow
What drains into the right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava
Coronary sinus
What drains into the left atrium
Pulmonary veins L (from left lungs)
Pulmonary veins R (from right lung)
Blood flowing back from the lungs drains into which atria
Left
How much does the heart weigh
200-300g
Which side does the circumflex artery run
Left
Which side does the coronary artery run
Right
What does the origin of the posterior interventricular artery determine
If an individual has a right dominant or left dominant coronary circulation
What is right dominant circulation
posterior ventricular artery arises from the right coronary
Both right and left coronary arteries supply the left ventricle
What is left dominant circulation
Posterior ventricular artery from circumflex artery
Left coronary artery supplies the entire left ventricle
What is the fossa ovalis
Depression in the interatrial septum
What did the foramen ovale do
Shunt oxygenated blood from the right atrium and to the left atrium
What is the crista terminalis
Muscular ridge that separates the smooth-walled posterior part of the atrium from the anterior part
Ridged, muscular wall
What are pectinate muscles
Ridges in the crista terminalis
Extend into the right auricle
What is the valve called between the right atrium and right ventricle
Right atrioventricular valve
Tricuspid valve
When does the right/left atrium contract
Blood flow is majority passive
Contracts to fully empty
Is the right atrium or right ventricle walls thicker
Right ventricle
What are the muscular ridges on the internal walls of the right ventricles
Trabeculae carneae
What is the moderator band
Modified region on the trabeculae carneae which connects the interventricular septum to the papillary muscles
Right ventricle
What has a thinner wall right atrium or right ventricle
Right ventricle
What is the surface of the left atrium like
Posterior part - smooth walled
Anterior part - bears pectinate muscles
How does blood flow from the left atrium to left ventricle
Left atrioventricular valve
Mitral valve
What valve prevents backflow from the aorta
Aortic valve
Is the left or the right ventricle thicker
Left
What structures does the right atrium have
Interatrial septum
Fossa ovalis
Crista terminalis - pectinate muscles
What structures does the right ventricle have
Interventricular septum
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae
Moderator band
What structures does the left ventricle have
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae
What is the correct term for the ventricles contracting
Ventricular systole
What is the role of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
Do not close the valves
Allow the valves to resist the pressures generated inside the ventricles during contractions
Stop the valves from being forced open
What happens when pressure rises in ventricles
Valve cusps start to close passively
When valves contract papillary muscles also contract
Muscles pull on the valve cusps and prevent them everting into the atria
How many semi-circular cusps does each semilunar valve have
3
What is each semi-circular cusp attached to
Inner wall of the vessel with the free edge that projects into the vessel lumen
What does each semi-lunar cusp form
Pocket (sinus) between its free edge and the vessel wall
How does blood move through the semi-lunar cusps
Once pressure decreases blood tries to flow back
Caught in the valve cusps
Sinuses rapidly fill with blood and the cusps balloon out of the lumen
Free edges contract and close the valve orifice
When do the coronary arteries fill
Ventricular relaxation
What is the definition of abnormal heart sounds
Murmurs
Where is the auscultatory area for the aortic valve
2nd intercostal space
Just right to the sternum
Where is the auscultatory area for the pulmonary valve
2nd intercostal space
Just left of the sternum
Where is the auscultatory area for the tricuspid valve
5th intercostal space
Just left of the sternum
Where is the auscultatory area for the mitral valve
Left 5th intercostal space
Midclavicular line
What is the role of the ligamentum arteriosum in fetal development
Pulmonary trunk to aorta
(lungs still need oxygen)
What is the role of the fossa ovalis in the fetal development
Bypass the lungs
Where does the superior vena cava arise and what from
It arises from the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins,
Posterior to the first right costal cartilage.
After the union, where does the superior vena cava descend
It descends vertically through the superior mediastinum, behind the intercostal spaces and to the right of the aorta and trachea.
What happens to the superior vena cava at the level of the second costal cartilage
SVC enters the middle mediastinum and becomes surrounded by the fibrous pericardium.
How does the SVC terminate
It terminates by emptying into the superior aspect of the right atrium at the level of the third costal cartilage.
What is the size of the superior vena cava
Wide diameter of up to 2cm and a length of approximately 7cm.
What is mnemonic to remember heart valves
LAB RAT
Left Atrium: Bicuspid
Right Atrium: Tricuspid
Try Pulling My Aorta
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aortic
What are the role of baroreceptors
Detect changes in blood pressure
Deals with short term blood pressure correction
Where are baroreceptors located
Arch of the aorta and the carotid sinus
What is the role of peripheral chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors are activated by changes in the partial pressure of oxygen and trigger respiratory drive changes aimed at maintaining normal partial pressure levels
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located
carotid and aortic bodies,
Where is the apex beat
Left 5th intercostal space mid-clavicular line
What line divides the superior and inferior mediastinum
Plane between the sternal angle and T4/5
What is the most superficial muscle of the anterior chest wall
Pectoralis major
What does the pectoralis major attach
Upper humerus, clavicle and upper six ribs
What lies deep to the pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
What does the pectoralis minor attach
Scapula and ribs 3-5
What does the serratus anterior attach
Scapula and the upper eight ribs
What is the prime function of the pectoralis major
Adducts the humerus
What is the prime function of the pectoralis minor
Protract the scapula
What is the prime function of the serratus anterior
Protracts the scapula
What are the auscultatory areas
Area for each valve
Where is the auscultatory region for the aortic valve
2nd intercostal space - just right of the sternum
Where is the auscultatory region for the pulmonary valve
2nd intercostal space, just left of the sternum
Where is the auscultatory region for the tricuspid valve
5th intercostal space, just left of the sternum
Where is the auscultatory region for the mitral valve
Left 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line
Describe the pathway of the phrenic nerve
C3, 4, 5
Descend through the neck
Enter thorax through the superior thoracic aperture
Course over the pericardium
Peirce diaphragm (near inferior vena cava opening)
Describe the pathway of the vagus nerve
Descend through the neck alongside the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein. Enter thorax by the superior thoracic aperture
Descends in thorax posterior to the root of the lung
Peirce diaphragm at oesophageal hiatus
Describe the recurrent laryngeal nerves
Vagus nerve gives rise
Ascend back up into the neck to innervate the muscles of the larynx
Left - loops under the arch of the aorta before ascending back up the left side of the neck (alongside the trachea) to the larynx
Right - descends anterior to the right subclavian artery and then loops under the inferior border of the artery before ascending back up the right side of the neck (between the trachea and oesophagus) to the larynx
Where does the vagus nerve pierce the thorax
Superior thoracic aperture
Where does the vagus nerve pierce the diaphragm
Oesophageal hiatus
Where does the phrenic nerve pierce the thorax
Superior thoracic aperature
Where does the phrenic nerve pierce the diaphragm
Inferior vena cava opening
Describe the pathway of the superior vena cava
Arises from union of left and right brachiocephalic veins - posterior to the first right costal cartilage
Descends vertically through the superior mediastinum, behind the intercostal spaces and to the right of the aorta and trachea
Level of 2nd costal cartilage enters the middle mediastinum - becomes surrounded by the fibrous pericardium
Terminates by emptying into the superior aspect of the right atrium at the level of the 3rd costal cartilage
What runs on the left side of the SVC
Brachiocephalic artery
Ascending aorta
What runs on the right side of the SVC
Phrenic nerve
Right pleura
Upper lobe of right lung
What is posterior to the SVC
Trachea
Right vagus nerve
Root of the right lung
What is located anterior to the SVC
Chest wall
Thymus
Internal thoracic vessels
Anterior margin of the right lung and pleura
What is the venous drainage of the breast
Axillary and internal thoracic veins
What are the internal intercostals continuous with
Internal oblique muscles
What intercostals are involved in inspiration
External intercostals - pull ribs superiorly and laterally
What intercostals are involved in expiration
Internal intercostals - pull ribs inferiorly
