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The Heart > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two pathways of clotting coagulation

A

Extrinsic pathway

Intrinsic pathway

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2
Q

Describe the intrinsic pathway

A

Triggered by internal damage to the vessel walls

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3
Q

Describe the extrinsic pathway

A

Triggered by external trauma which causes blood to escape circulation

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4
Q

Describe the intrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade

A

12 - 12a

11 - 11a

9 - 9a

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5
Q

How is 12 activated

A

Comes into contact with negatively charged collagen on the damaged endothelium

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6
Q

Describe the extrinsic pathway

A

3 activated 7 - 7a

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7
Q

How is 3 involved

A

released by damaged cells outside the circulation

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8
Q

What activates 10

A

10

7 and 9

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9
Q

What is the common pathway

A

Activation of 10 and everything after

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10
Q

Describe the clotting pathway

A

10 - 10 a

Activated 2 - 2a

1 - 1a

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11
Q

What is the name of 2

A

Prothrombin

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12
Q

What is the name of 2a

A

Thrombin

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13
Q

What is the name of 1

A

Fibrinogen

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14
Q

What is the name of 1a

A

Fibrin

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15
Q

How are cross linked fibrin clot formed

A

Fibrin and 13

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16
Q

How do you remember the clotting cascade

A

Extrinsic pathway 3 + 7

Intrinsic pathway 12 + 11 + 9 + 8

10

Clotting pathway 5 x 2 x 1 = 10

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17
Q

What antibodies in plasma does A group have

A

Anti-B

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18
Q

What antibodies in plasma does B group have

A

Anti-A

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19
Q

What antibodies in plasma does AB group have

A

None

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20
Q

What antibodies in plasma does O group have

A

Anti-A
Anti-B

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21
Q

What antigens in red blood cells does A group have

A

A

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22
Q

What antigens in red blood cells does B group have

A

B

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23
Q

What antigens in red blood cells does AB group have

A

A and B

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24
Q

What antigens in red blood cells does O group have

A

None

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25
Q

Does Rh+ have an antigen

A

Yes - Rh D

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26
Q

Does Rh- have an antigen

A

No

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27
Q

What can Rh+ receive blood from

A

Rh+
Rh-

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28
Q

What can Rh- receive blood from

A

Rh-

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29
Q

What is significant about Rh-

A

Anti-D antibody is usually absent until they are exposed

Cannot be given transfusions as Rh+ can cause Rh- to develop antigens

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30
Q

What are universal donors

A

O-

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31
Q

Why are O- universal donors

A

RBCs have no A, B or RhD antigens

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32
Q

What are universal recipients

A

AB+

Plasma does not contain anti-B, A or Rh-D

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33
Q

Describe platelets

A

Not true cells - cellular fragments

Do not contain a nucleus - do not have mitochondria

7-10 days lifespan

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34
Q

What do platelets originate from

A

Megakaryocytes

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35
Q

What are the two types of platelet granules

A

Alpha granules - high MW

Dense granules - low MW

36
Q

Give examples of alpha granules

A

Von Willebrand factor

Factor V

Fibrinogen

37
Q

Give examples of dense granules

A

ATP

ADP

Serotonin

Calcium ions

38
Q

What are the two surface receptors on platelets

A

Agonist

Adhesion

39
Q

What is the role of agonist surface receptors

A

Recognise stimulatory molecules

40
Q

What is the role of adhesion surface receptors

A

Promote adhesion of platelets

41
Q

What are the 3 roles of platelets

A
  1. Adhesion
  2. Activation
  3. Aggregation
42
Q

Describe the role of platelets in adhesion

A

Injury exposes underlying endothelium and collagen fibres

Collagen fibres bind to VWF released from damaged endothelium

VWF promotes platelet adhesion

43
Q

Describe the role of activation of platelets

A

Platelet binds to collagen - glycoprotein 2b = activated

Controlled by G-protein coupled receptors

Secretion of ADP + thromboxane A2

Activate other platelets

44
Q

Describe aggregation in platelets

A

Fibrinogen facilitates formation of cross links between platelets - aiding platelet aggregation to form a platelet plug

45
Q

What happens after a platelet plug is formed

A

Fibrinolysis

46
Q

What type of feedback is production of a platelet plug

A

Positive

47
Q

What is the breakdown of platelet plug

A

Liver - plasminogen - plasmin (11a, 12a) - breaks down D-dimers

48
Q

What does a hemocytoblast differentiate into

A

Proerythroblast

Myeloblast

Lymphoblast

Monoblast

Megakaryote

49
Q

What does a proerythroblast differentiate into

A

Erythrocytes

50
Q

What does a myeloblast differentiate into

A

Granulocytes:

Basophil

Eosinophil

Neutrophil

51
Q

What do lymphoblasts differentiate into

A

Lymphocytes

52
Q

What do monoblasts differentiate into

A

Monocyte

53
Q

Name the agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocyte

54
Q

What do megakaryoblasts differentiate into

A

Megakaryocyte - thrombocytes

55
Q

Name the leukocytes

A

Granulocytes
- basophils
- eosinophil
- neutrophil

Agranulocytes
- lymphocyte
- monocyte

56
Q

What is the size of a red blood cell

A

6.2-8.2 x 2-2x5 um

57
Q

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell

A

100-120 days

58
Q

What is the size of a white blood cell

A

7-30um

59
Q

What is the lifespan of a white blood cell

A

Hours/days/years

60
Q

What is the role of white blood cells

A

Non specific and specific immunity

61
Q

Give examples of innate immunity

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Macrophages

Mast cells

62
Q

Give examples of adaptive immunity

A

B cells

T cells

63
Q

Give examples of non-specific immunity

A

Cytokines

Phagocytosis

Cytotoxicity

64
Q

Give examples of antigen-specific immunity

A

Cytokines

Antibodies

Cytotoxicity

65
Q

What is humoral immunity

A

Secrete antibodies that defend against extracellular pathogens

e.g. B cells

66
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity

A

Defend against infected cells, cancers and transplant issues

e.g. T cells

67
Q

What are the two lineage of lymphocyte maturation from bone marrow stem cells

A

B lymphocyte

T lymphocyte

68
Q

Where does lymphocyte maturation begin

A

Bone marrow stem cell

69
Q

What is the generative lymphoid organ for B lymphocyte lineage

A

Bone marrow

70
Q

What is the generative lymphoid organ for T lymphocyte lineage

A

Thymus

71
Q

Where do mature T-lymphocytes go

A

Blood lymph

72
Q

Where do mature B lymphocytes go

A

Blood

73
Q

What are the peripheral lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes

Spleen

Mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissues

74
Q

Describe the features of a red blood cell

A

Non nucleated

Biconcave

2-3 million produced and released from bone marrow every second

75
Q

How are ABO antigens inherited

A

Mendelian pattern

Each group have a 25% chance of production

Genes code for an enzyme

76
Q

What are ABO antibodies a mixture of

A

IgM and IgG

IgM mainly for group A and B

77
Q

How many Rhesus antigens are there

A

Over 45

78
Q

Where is the rhesus antigen genetic locus

A

Chromosome 1

co-dominant

79
Q

What can rhesus negative blood cause

A

Haemolytic transfusion reactions

Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)

80
Q

What is the size of platelets

A

2-5 um

81
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets

A

7-10 days

82
Q

Describe the structure of platelets

A

Plasma membrane

Cytoskeleton

Dense tubular system

Secretory granules

83
Q

What are the secretory granules of platelets

A

Alpha

Dense

Lysosome

Peroxisome

84
Q

What are the three levels of platelet activation

A

Initiation

Propagation

Stabilisation

85
Q

What % of the plasma do proteins make up

A

6-8%

The Heart (12 decks)

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