Media studies only Flashcards
What does Bagdickigan argue about medai concentration ?
There has been a reduction in the number of media companies from 50 down to only 7 over a 20 year span
What does Althuser argue about media ownership ?
The mesia is a means of the ISA and this is to ensure that the values of the owners u/c are passed onto the consumers the w/c
What did milibamd find about the ownership of the media and how this impacts the product that is shown to the consumer ?
Similarly to Althuser he said the media is a means of control but instead that it maintains the capitalist structure as it is rarely questioned and when it is, it is shown to not work and the characters show this realisation to prevent a revolution of the w/c
Who argues that the governemnet are no longer interested in trying to control the powerful owners of the media and that this is so they retain their power instead of losing it ?
Tunstall and Palmer
What does curran argue about media ownership and its interaction to politics ?
Media owners have political alliences this is shown often during political campaigns, this is so that they retain their own control instead of the media becoming government controlled
What do Barnett and weymore argue about the media and maintaining false class consciousness ?
TV has become more and more dumbed down which maintains the false class consciousness of the consumers
Which postmoderist argues that the media has become something which is diverse and has a range of creators including the audience and producers ?
Levens
What is the key term Baudrillard argues is the state we now live in alongside the mass media ?
Hyperreality
What are the 4 key ideas of Pilkington about how the media meets pleuralist ideals ?
Reflects public demand
Diverse
Digital technology
Media concentration
deregulation
What do curran and seaton argue about the concentration of media ownership ?
There is a greater concentration of owners as they have the resources needed to create a range of products for the consumer
What does Bagdickigan argue about the media concentration in terms of the news ?
There is much more national news when compared to local news due to the high concentration of ownership
Who is the sociologist that argues media concentration needs to be monitered to ensure all points of view can be heard and that abuses of power can be monitored ?
Doyle
What does pleuralist Whale argue about the high number of people involved in the production of media ?
Owners of companies cannot influence every story and therefore it provides a range of opinions from many different people and viewpoints
What did Curran find when he analysed Murdochs media empire ?
There is a network between the owners and this means the media that is produced fits a range of ideal shared between the group often with an economic aim
What do te glasgow media group argue about hegemony in the journalist who produce media we consume ?
He argues that there is a main background that these people come from e.g. middle class and white men
What percentage of the top 100 jounalists attending private school according to the sutton trust ?
54%
What did Wolf and Tebble argue about the representation of women in the media ?
Women have been typicalls represented in patriachal ideals in the media underrepresented and only shown in limited roles
What does Tunstall argue about women only being shown in a limitde range of roles ?
Women are often shown in matriachal activities such as housewives and mothers, when they are shown in a working mother role they often seem unfulfilled unattractive and full og guilt
What did Tuchman find about the symbolic annihilation of women ?
Womens accomplishments are often ignores in favour of their appearences or a man is given the credit for them being able to achieve this.
What does Gallager find about the symbolic annihilation of women in the media ?
Women are rarely seen as newsworthy and are often given the softer news to report on such as the weather whereas men are more likely to report on war and politics
What did Duncan and Moore find about the difference in representation of women in commentry ?
only 3% are women and the language they use to describe women is much more negative they are more likly to be refered to as fatigued and as girls whereas men are described as being agressive and trying their best
What did Feurgoson find about women as ideals in the media ?
That there is ofren a cult of femininity where over half of the emdia presents women as the ideal image promoting diets and size zero culture
What do Orchach and Wilkinson argue about women as ideals ?
The media creates anxiety and insecurities for young women promoting the idea that slim=happy
What does Mulvey argue about women being presented as sex objects in the media ?
The camera acts as a male eye and women occupy a passive and decorative role in the media, attractive women are often used to increase the rating of tv shows
What does Gill argue about the recent empowerment of women in the media ?
Women are now seen as sexual agents in the media, where they can use their sex to gain power and influence the “hot lesbian” stereotype
modern femininity focuses on inteligence and activeness
What does Gauntlett argue about the change in the representation of women to ladette culture ?
Women are now shown as sassy and sexy, there is a new form of femininity due to the girl power movement which shows women as being sexually agressive and binge drinking which were previously seen as masculine activities
What did children now identify as the 6 main representations of men in 1999 ?
the joker
the jock
the hreo
strong and silent type
the big shot
the buffoon
What did Rutherford find about the changing representation of men in the media ?
There has been an increase in the representation of men as the new man
What does Eathsthorp argue about the myth of masculinity ?
The aggressive representation of men in the media gets internalised and then the men try to reproduce this labelling it as masulinity forming the male identity
What did McNamara find about the representation of men in the media ?
He claimed the medai failed to portray the reality of being a man and that they are often shown as deadbeat dads or irresponsible boys with anger issues
What did O’Connell find about the representation of men ?
The representation of masculinity has changed over time from hegemonic to metrosexual to the new man
What are the 5 main representations of disabled people according to Barnes ?
Pathetic
Evil
Super-cripples
Objects of ridicule
as a burden
What did aries find about the main representations of young people in the media ?
Victims
cute
little devils
brilliant
accessories
modern
troublesome
What did heinz-knowels find about the representation of children in the media ?
That children are often seen as peer motivated and as always being honest, 40% of the time they are portrayed negatively engaging in antisocial behaviour
Who were the sociologists that argued the representation of children in the media led to the increase of pester power ?
Evans and Chandler
How does aries argue that childhood is socially constructed ?
Childhood only became a life stage when society changed laws and policies to make it a seperate life stage instead of the mini-adults
What does Wayne et al argue about the representation of the youth in the media ?
82% focused on the youth as perpetraters of crime or victims of crime
What did William and Ylanne find in their metannalysis of the representation of the elderly in the media ?
Grumpy
Mentally challenged
Infantile
A burden
mentor/grandparent
What ddi age concern find about the underrepresentatio of the elderly in th emedia ?
That although 20% of the population is made up of people over 65 howveer only 7% of people potrayed in the media were in this age range
What did Lee et al find about the changing representation of the elderly ?
There has been an increase in the positive representation of the elderly espcially in advertisements 91%
What did Batchelor et al find about the representation of youth and sexuality ?
Contraception is seen as a female resposibility
There are differences in how men and women discuss sex
There is a lack of gay role models
What did Dyer find about the sanitization of gay sexuality?
That gay characters are often fiven signs of gayness to make the male hetrosexual audience more comfortable
What did Craig argue about the representation of sexuality in the media ?
There hare two main representations of gay people one being camp and one being macho, often placing th emphisis on their sexual acts
What does Gi;ll argue about the representation of lesbians in the mass media when concerning their sexuality ?
Women are oversexualised for male pleasure, there is a focus on their sexuality to avoid alienating the audience
What does Gross find about the representation of homosexuals ?
They are often portrayed as unnatural and this is often open to criticism from the new media
What did Curran and Seaton find about the representation of the working class in the media ?
They are often shown as having a lack of interest in public affairs and politics
What does Butsch argue about the representation of the working class ?
The working class are shown as stupid and flawed individuals, often acting in immature and irresponsible ways
What does Lawler aregue about the representation of the wokring class in the media ?
That the working class are often described as being scum or as chavs and this means that this stereotype is reproduced
ben ten ran awayWhat did jones argue about the representaition of the working class in the mass media ?
THat the working class are often shown to have a strong community spirit
What does Narrin agrue about the representation of the upper class in the mass media ?
The monarchy has converted the modern mass media to its cause, they have become a cast of characters that stand for national values
What does Newman argue about the representation of the upper class in the mass media ?
The media focuses on the positives of the wealth and their ability to buy items, a large part of the media focuses on companies and finance as opposed to the finances of a “normal” person
What did Cumberbatch find about the representation of ethnic minorities in the mdeia ?
That 1 in 7 roles was filled by african caribbean people, however asian people are underrepresented in the media compared to the volume of the population they make up
What did Malik find about the representation of ethnic minorities in the media ?
African Caribbeans are more likely to be in rprogrammes surrounding social issues rather than in heavyweight roles such as politics
What did Beatie find about the representation of ethnic minorities in the media ?
That they are more likely to be involved as supporting roles or as temporary roles as opposed to main characters in the media
What does Hargreave say about the representation of ethnic inorities in the media ?
They are stereotyped as being the same their origin is often seen as unimportant, often over simplified
What does Gill argue about the representatio of black women in the mass media ?
That black women aew shown in a narrow range especially in advertising
What did van dijk find to be the main stereotypes of ethnic minorities in the media ?
As deviant lawbreakers
As a threat
As abnormal and conflict causing
Ad dependent and problematic
Islamophobia
What did Hargreve find aboutt he representation of Black people as deviant or criminal ?
Black people are twice as likely to be portrayed as the offender rather than the victim in the media
What did Wayne find about the representation of ethnic minorities as deviant criminals ?
That half of the news involving black youth focuses on crime rather than their achievements
What did cussion find about the number of ethnic minorities being shown as crminal and irrational ?
in 7 out of 10 stories black men are presented as being agressive and irrational involved in gang wars and rivalries
What did Ameli find about the representation of ethnic minorities as abnormal or causing conflict ?
The media has pushed the view of the hijab being oppressive and victimising the women that choose to wear it rather than focusing on the fact they have free will and are not victims
What did Goffman find about the media and how it uses ethnic minorities to promote islamophobia ?
The media has created a stigmatised identity of muslim epopel where they are seen as abnormal and undesirable
What did Hall find about the media creating and maintaining racist stereotypes ?
The study of the black mugger highlighted the labelling of ethnic minorities as being criminal and this influences the number of police in certain areas with higher populations of ethnic minorities
Who argues the idea of the hyperdermic syringe model ?
Packard
What is the hypersermic syringe model ?
The idea that the audience is passive and that the content of the media is directly input in to the audience, they have no choice and no freewill causing immediate concequences
Who argued the cultural effects model ?
Cover
What is the cultural effects model ?
The idea that the media presents a biased view that has a drip drip effect, it is a slower but more subtle way of influencing the wokring class to maintain false class conscsiousness
What is the structural interpretation model ?
The idea that the majorty of the audience is passive however not all of them are, this includes three main responces including the dominant, oppositional and negotiated
Who argues the idea that the structural interpretation model ?
Morely
Who argues the idea of the two step flow ?
Katz and Lazerfield
What is the idea of the two step flow ?
The media has a strong effect on the audience but the audience does not just accept the messages. The key factor is the influence of the opinion leader e.g family or an influencer
Who argues the idea of the uses and gratification model ?
Blumer and mcQuail
What is the uses and gratification model ?
The audience has the choice of how to use the media and how to utilise the media. People get what they want from the media
What does Philo argue about the medias process of agenda settings ?
There are only few alternative sources of information for people to take a different interpretations of social events
What does Bandura find about the media effects of violence ?
There is a process of SLT whereby the children learn the violent behaviours and choose to reproduce them
What did McCabe and martin find about the influence of violence on the audience ?
The media convinces some children that in some social situations normal rules are suspended and can be replaced by violence
What does Newson find about desensitisation ?
There is not going to be one programme there is a more drip-drip effect, people are socialised into seeing violence as acceptable and normalised
What does Gerbner argue about a fear of violence ?
The media may not make people violent however it can make people believe more violent society
What did Fesbach and Sanger find about violence providing a safe outlet ?
Found boys who watched violent media for 6 weeks were actually less violent following the study
What did Newburn and Hagell find about links between the effects of violence on children ?
That there has been no causation found between childrens media and their level of violence, instead the children who were more violent were likly to be regardless of whether they had consumed violent media or not
What did Feurgoson find about the impact of violence in the media ?
There is actually a trend of declining violence rather than an increase in violence following the trends of the media
What does wood argue about boys and their consumption of aggressive media ?
That for boys watching things such as horror films is see as a right of passage, it is a way for them to be able to prove their masculinity and sexuality
What did morrison find about types of violencein the media ?
That people found the most troubling form of violence to be domestic whereas more graphic scenes can be seena s humerous
What do cultural pessimists Cornford and Robins argue about the new media ?
THere is a n accomodation between old and new media the only thing that is new is the speed not its content
What did Li and Kirkup find about the digital divide betweewn the genders ?
they found ghat men were more confident in their ability to use technology and were more likely to use online communicaition such as email and chatrooms etc
What are the two perspecives suggested by curran and seaton ?
cultural pessimists and neophylliacs
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