Crime studies only Flashcards
What did Dunn and Rock find about deviance ?
They argue that deviance is relative,
What did Plummer argue about deviance ?
There are two main types of deviance societal and situational
Wilson and Kelling - environmental crime prevention
The broken windows zero tollerence approach
Clarke situational prevention
Argues that crime is based on rational choice and that crime is a rational response to a situation that leads criminals to be oportunists
Felson and situational prevention techniques
Situation crime prevention does work but can lead to displacement
How does the Perry Preschool project support social and community prevention ?
Children who were involved had a lower conviction rate by the age of 40 than a control group
What did Cormon and Mocan in their case study of New York ?
They found that when the zero tollerance approach was implimented crime rates reduced by 56%
What does Garland argue is the main function of the CJS
The CJS has changed from the focus being on rehabilitation to retribution leading to harsher punishments being distributed
What does Durkeim argue about punishment ?
That punishment is a way to restore social solidariety they create cohesion
What does Althuser argue about punishment ?
That it acts as the repressive state apparatus
What did Ruche and Keimer argue about punishment ?
Every society has its own fines relative to their values e.g. monetary fines compared to free will and labels etc
What did Wilson and Hernstein argue was the main explanation of crime ?
The biological approach-some people have a biological predisposition to be criminal, this could be associated with their level of socialisation
What did Wilson and Murray find to be an explanation of crime ?
They found that a persons level of education is likely to impact their likelyhood of starting a criminal career
What did Murray argue to be a cause of crime ?
The culture of the working and underclass is what leads them into criminal careers this explains the higher levels of crime in these groups
What did Clarke find about the rational choice theory ?
A person will do a cost benefit analysis before they commit the crime if the benefit is larger they are more likely to do it
What did Felson argue about the rational choice theory ?
The absense of a capable guardian leads to crime through oportunity
What did Hirchi argue about the control theory ?
He found that people are more likely to conform to social norms if they have a strong sense of attachment
What do Lea and Young argue to be the cause of crime ?
They argue that there is a correlation between crime about feeling margenilised and suffering from relative deprivation
What did Young and Mathers find about social and community prevention in poor areas ?
That by improving facilities there was a reduction in crime as the people felt less relative deprivation
What is meant by positivist victimology ?
The victim is part of the reason they were involved in a crime
What did Miers argue about the victims of crime ?
He tries to find patterns in the victims and argues that factors such as clothes and alcohol can have an influence on the liklelyhood a person will become a victim
What is crititcal victimology ?
Where the focus is on the societal structures that may lead to a person becoming a victim
What did Tombs and White find about critical victimology ?
Health and safety crimes can be reclassified as accident prone workers
What didJock and Yound find about the role of the government in crime statistics ?
They found that laws are often put in place as a response to moral panics rather than the event
What does Maguire find about the “data explosion in crime” ?
There has been a rapid increase in crimes that are hidden and crimes that are antisocial.
What did Durkeim find about the effects of crime ?
He argues that crime can be both positive and negative depending on the concentration in which it is present in society
What did Hirchi argue was the cause of crime ?
He argues that a lack of attachment to society is the reason why those who are unemployed are more likely to commit crime
What did Kingsly Davis argue about how the idea of the safety valve should be updated ?
He argued that if prostitution was legalised this would reduce the number of sexual crimes committed
What was Mertons subcultural explanation ?
He argues the strain theory, where people can not reach the american dream so they fit into one of 5 diffferent roles in response to this innovators and rebels can both be criminal means
What was Cohens subcultural explanation ?
He argues that status frustration is the main cause of crime i explains non-utilitarian crimes that other theories neglect, he found that young w/c boys searcher for peer gratification
How does Steven Fox criticise Cohens theory ?
It may only be applicable to a minority who accepted societal goals
What was Cloward and Ohlin’s subcultural theory ?
They argued that a legitimate and illegitimate route are both available and a person may move between them depending on their situation
What was Millers subcultural theory ?
He aregued the W/C care more likley to commit crime due to their culture, this is because they seek excitement have a fatalistic view and aim to prove their masculinity
What was Matzas subcultural theory ?
He argued that there is a drift theory where crime is a way for people to express their repressed thoughts
Who argued that crime is caused by differential law creation ?
Snider
Who argued that crime is due to differential law enforcement ?
Reinman
Who found that crime was due to individual motivation and criminogenic capitalism ?
Bonger
Gordan
Who argues that crime is due to social control ?
Althuser
What was taylor and youngs new perspective that can be applied to crime ?
Radical criminology
What is radical criminology ?
Marxism and interactionism combines, they find that there are structural influences but it is also due to individual choice
Who conducted a case study on media amplification in 1970s Birmingham ?
Stuart Hall
What did Hall find about moral panics in crime ?
He argued they lead to devience amplification through labeling and higher surveilence
What is the differential association theory ?
The idea that we learn our behavious form those around us and if we are surrounded by people who have criminal values then we are more likley to commit crime
What did Newburn find about W/C crime ?
There are hgiher numbers of tis crime reported as it is easier to see where as corperate and white collar crime do not have a clear victim so often go unreported
Who argued that labeling creates crime ?
Becker
What was Beckers theory of moral entrepeneurs ?
Peoplewho actively work to change a law for the benefit of members of society
Who argued that there was primary and secondary deviance
Lemert
What did young find in his case study of north london ?
Increasing the police presence in the area does not ereduce crime it just makes it more hidden isolating members into an underground subculture
Who conducted a case study on mods and rockers ?
Cohne
What did Braithwaite find about labeling ?
He argued that it could be seen as a positive that leads to stigmas not being formed
Who argues that police actively use labelling in procedures such as stop and searches ?
Cicorel
What did Gouldner find cout the influence of power in crime ?
He found that there is an influence of power on the enforcement of the law those with more power are less likely to be on the recieving end of the CJS
Who argued that the idea of moral panics is outdated and there is not just one group which can be used as a scapegoat anymore ?
McRobbie and Thornton
Who argued that the way media presents crime is a way of agenda setting ?
Reiner
Who argued that the reporting of crime is due to the publics response and consumption ?
Katz
Who supports the idea of the hyperdermic syringe model and the influence of role models ?
Banduras Bobo doll study
Packards hyperdermic syringemodel
How has the growth of media led to an increase in crime ?
People are more likley to experience relative deprivation, this measn that they are more likely to turn to crime as a rational solution
How has a postmodernist society led to an increase in crime through the increase in technology ?
There has been a development of cyber crime which is increasingly common as more people gein access to the internet and devices due to globilisation
Who arued that a postmodern society has led to an increase in hate crime ?
Henry and Milovanovic
What did Henry and Milanovanvic find to be the change in the types of crimes that were being committed ?
There has been a change from harms of reduction and harms of repression
Who foud that there has been an increase in the number of thrill seeking crimes being committed ?
Katz
What did Jokc Young argue was a cause for an increase in crime in a postmodern society
He argued that fragmentation leads to people committing crime as a measn of expression
Who argued that we have had an increase in liquid surveilence ?
Bauman and Lyon
Who argued that surveilence is a way to reduce crime and this has improved in postmodern society ?
Althuser
What is the difference in conviction rates between men and women ?
Men are more likely to be convicted of a crime than women, they are more likley to be involved in violent and sexual crimes
Who argued that the chivalry thesis was the reason for the difference in conviction rates between men and women ?
Pollak
How do Graham and Bowling support the chivalry thesis ?
They sound a smaller gao between genders in a self report study of official statistics e.g. the crime survey
How does Hood support the chivalry thesis ?
He fpound that women were a third less likely to be arrested than men for similar crimes
Who argued the gender difference is due to control ?
Heindensohn
Who argued that socialisation leads to the gender differnces in crime ?
Parsons
Who argued that liberation leads to increasing frequancy and severity of female crime ?
Adler
Who argues that is women lack the class and gender deal this leads them to commit crimes ?
Carlen
Why did Katz argue men commit more crime ?
They are more likley to engage in risk taking behaviour
What did Murray argue made boys more likley to be offenders ?
A lack of a male role modeland poor socialisation due to working class norms and values
How does messerschmitt argue there is a difference in male crime between different subgroups of society ?
He argues tht there is an increase in the number of working class and ethnic monrity men who feel the need to express hegemonic masculinity and prove this through the measn of cirme
What did wilnlow study and what were his findings in male crime ?
He found that the appearence of male bouncers affected the number of crimes committed in the area, if they displayed hegemonic traits they were seen as more assertive
What did Smith and Gray find about police stereotyping ?
Black men were more likely to be stereotyped by the police leading to an increase in stop and searches among this demographic
What did the MacPhearson report find about the police ?
Institutional racism was present following the murder of Stephen Lawence
Who argued that ethnic minorities may commit crime as an act of rebellion and resisrance ?
Gilroy
