Family studies only Flashcards
Who argues there are 4 functions of the family ?
Murdock
What are the 4 functions of the family according to Murdock ?
Sexual
Educational
Reproductive
Economic
Who argues there are two main functions of the family ?
Parsons
What are Parson’s two functions of the family ?
Primary socialisation
SOAP (stabilisation of adult personalities)
What is Parsons theory of structural differentiation ?
He argues that the structure of families has changed between pre-industrial and post-industrial society. With family sizes and the number of functions they complete reducing
Who argued that the functions have not become reduced but instead the institution which completes them have changed ?
Fletcher
What did murray and marsland argue about the emergence of the underclass ?
The underclass has a culture of dependency and this means that there is improper socialisation which leads to a dependence on benefits
What did Engles find about the function of the family ?
He argues that the function of the family is for inheritance. He argues the nuclear structure of the family prevents the redistribution of wealth
What did Althusser argue about the function of the family ?
He argues that the family acts as an ISA a means of control
What does Zaretsky argue about the structure of the family ?
The family is a unit of consumption and therefore benefits the bourgeoise through consumerism and their need for goods
What does Foucault argue about the family ?
The family is under constant surveilence through things such as check ups and school to ensure they are matching the expectations of the bourgoise
What is Oakleys theory of feminism and the family ?
She argued that the family is patriarchal and that women undertake a double shift whereby they partake in both payed employment and unpain labour in the home such as emotional work
What is Delphy and Leonards study of feminism and the family ?
They argued that women now do a triple shift of payed employment invisible work and housework, this means that the home remains patriarchal
What is the main difference between black feminism and other types of feminism ?
Black/difference feminism is the only feminist perspective that sees the family as a positive this is beacuse many black families are matriarchal and provide support rather than strain on women in the family
What does zaretsy argue about the function of women in the family ?
They act as a way for the men to destress, they reduce the stain of capitalism through emotional work
What does Rowbotham argue about the function of women in the family in a capitalist society ?
He argues that without women being able to provide childcare, companies would go bankrupt due to the high costs
What does Geer argue to be the solution to the repression of women in the family ?
Female only households to ensure a matriarchy where women are no longer subject to oppression
What does firestone argue to be the reason for differences in the family and what would be a solution ?
Men are biologically stronger and they use this to their advantage, women should go on a baby strike to force men into respecting them and their place in the home
What did Mercer argue about differecne feminism ?
the family is a unit of support that acts against the oppesion of society through racism
What do functionalists wilmott and young argue about the family ?
The family is becoming more symmetrical, segregated roles are becoming conjugal
What does marxist feminist Ansley argue about the family ?
Women are “taker of shit” they take the negative emotions that the men experience in their exploitation form them reducing their stress and maintaining their ability to work for the bourgeouise
What does Rowbotham argue about women being the reserve army of lavour ?
Women are often used in the household because the cost of childcare if they worked fulltime would lead to the bankrupsy of governments
What does greer argue aboiut the ideal family structure for women ?
That female only households would mean that all members of the household are equally responsible and their gnder would no longer define their roles in the home
What does Greer argue about childbirth ?
She argues that there should be improved technology to reduce the impact on women and end the “tyranny of reproduction”
What does firestone argue about domestic violence ?
She said that as men have a biological advantage to women they use domestic violence to try and assert this
What does Purdy propose to be the solution for the domestic oppression of women ?
A baby strike
What do Barrett and McIntosh argue about the harm of policies based around the nuclear family ?
It is a patriarchal ideal that reporduces innequality and oppression, it condemns other types of relationships, it fails to acknolege the dark side of the family
How has universal credit impacted the family ?
It has reduced the cuture of dependancy through job coaches, it has provided a benefit cap however it has pushed some families into poverty and fails to account for mental health, inflation, childcare etc.
How has the troubled families programme impacted families ?
It has lead to an increase in childrens attendence and the number of trained and educated adults, it has saved money through breaking the cycle however it is reliant on the family cooperating and the parents could drop out or relapse it also has a stigmatised label
How has the child benefit impacted the family ?
it has helped to ensure that children have the essential items and prevents the increase of troubled families however, there is the child benefit trap and there is no control over the way it is spent so it may not be helping the child in reality
How has free nursery places impacted the family ?
It has increased the number of women returning to work after having children and ensures all children have equal access however it puts pressure on nurseries and there is still a career gap for the mother due to the age this is available from
How has the child support agency impacted the family ?
This has ensured that there does not have to be contact between the parents following a divorce, and it is a free service howver it means tat there is more legality which could lead to a higher strain on the relationship and it also does not consider the new family situations of the distant parent
What does land argue about social policy ?
She argues that social policies are based on outdated steroetypes which are not beneficial to all women e.g. unmarried women and it reinforces ideals that are harmful to women
What does fletcher argue about social policies ?
Social policies have helped to produce the welfare state which has led to an increase in collaberative functions
What does Murray argue about social policy ?
That these increase the culture of dependancy which means that families are more likely to choose to be relient on benefits rather than choosing to be self reliant
Who is the neo-marxist who argues social policies are a method of surveilence ?
Foucault
What does Donzelot argue about social policies ?
They are a way of the state showing their power over the working class this is beacuse the w/c/ are often seen as a problem within these policies
Who is the sociologist who argues orders throught he court regulate and control families rather than helping them ?
Condry
What does Hoschild argue about the changing position of women ?
Woemn now get more validation from work than in the home this means that mens resistance to work is a cause of conflict in the home as women now have higher expectations of men and relationships
What does Bernard argue abpout the changin position of women?
the rising rates of divorce show that women are becoming more aware of their exploitation and their posisiton in society. Women are becoming increasingly less satisfied with traditional marriage
Who were the sociologists that argued there was a decline in stigma around divorce ?
Michelle and Goody
What did Fletcher argue about the changing expectations of love and marriage ?
That people are now influenced by the mesia to have a hifher expectation of marriage he labelled this romantic ideology
Who were the sociologists that argues marriage is no longer an economic asset and instead people are no longer having to tollerate a poor marriage ?
Allan and Crowe
What did Beck and Giddens argue about individualisation ?
We have moved towards confluent love where if a relationship is not meeting our needs and expectations we leave and search for a netter relationship.
What did Chambers and Bauman argue about the changing family structure ?
Secularisatin has lead to an increase in family diversity and divorce as people are no longer as religious as in the past
What does Chester argue about family structure ?
There is now a new normal family strucure of the family and this is the dual earner
What does chester argue about cohabitation ?
He says that this is a trial run whereby couples cam test their compatibility without the financial and legal commitments
What does Morgan argue about cohabitation ?
He found that those who were cohabitating were less happy than those who were married, they were more likely to be stressed and abusive when compared to married couples
What did Levin argue about the changing structure of relationships ?
She found that more couples were now LATS living appart tof=gether where they are in long term relationships but do not live together
What did Duncan and Phylips argue about changing structure of relationships ?
People are now more open to new types of relationships due to hgih divorce ryaes and the acceptance of cohabitation
What does postmodernist Bauman argue about changing family structure ?
There are no longer strong kinship bonds and this has led to more opportnuities for different family structures to emmerge
What does Beck-Gersheim argue about the improvement of technology chaging family structure ?
That as there is an increase in contraception and IVF, women now have control over their fertility and this has led to their position in the family changing and them having more power in the family
Who is the sociologist who takes the personal life perspective and argues that we move through different family types throughout our lives ?
Hareven
What does Beck argue about how changing society has led to a change in family patterns ?
We now live in a risk society whereby religion no longer has a large influence on our actions and instead we now choose relationships for the benefitd they provide us rather than the stability
What did giddens find aboiut changing relationships ?
We have moved from romantic love to confluent love where we will leave a relationship if our expectations are not met
Who was the sociologist that argued there was a new family type due to the increasing rates of divorce kniown as the divorce extended family ?
Stacey
What does parsons argue about the domestic division of labour ?
There is a clear division of labour through the means of the instrumental role and the expressive role
What does Bott argue about the domestic division of labour ?
There are two types of conjugal roles joint and segregated
What do Willmott and Young argue about the domestic division of labour ?
There has been an increase in the amount of joint conjugal role families and they label this the march of progress, this has led to the creation of the new man
What did gershuny find about the pattern of joint conjugal roles ?
It is often younger more affluent and geographically mobile families that present more joint conjugal roles as there have been changes in the positionof women and more women are now in paid work in this social group
What does Kan argue about the change in roles within the family ?
There has been an increase in mens domestic contribution however this has not changed the amount of DIY etc that is seen as a more masculine task (less routine tasks)
How did Crompton explain the changes of domestic labour ?
As womens earning power increases so does the involvement of men in housework
What did Bott find about increasing geographical mobility ?
Couples who are more geographically mobile tend to be more symmetrical as they have lost the support from the extended family therefore rely pon each other more
Who were the sociologists that found women still do over 2/3 of the housework ?
Knudson and Waerness
Who ws the sociologist that found that professional wives ( women who work) are still expected to complete the majority of housework ?
Elston
What did Harkness find about differences between men and women in the time they take off wokr ?
She found that women are more likely to take time out of paid work to look after sick children and women put twice as much time into housework than men when both are working
What did Oakly find about the value of domestic labour ?
She dound that housework remained the responsibility of women but it lacks the benefits of paid work such as a pension, set hours and holiday
What did Boulton find about the amount of workmen do compared to the amount they say thay do ?
She founmd that men exaggerate the amount of work they complete in the home and this was supported by oakley
Who argues women are now completing the triple shift ?
Delphy and Leonard
What did Duncmobe and Arsdne find about the division of domestic labour ?
They founhy6jm7nd that women complained of an emotional distance in their relationship they feel the strain of completing emotional work
What did Southerton find about women and invisible work ?
She found that women were often expected to be the ones to organise family time holidays and activities, women are increasingly multitasking due to societal pressures
What did Gershuny find about the cultural explanation for gender division ?
Couples whose parents had joint roles and an equal relatinoship were more likely to show this within their own relationship
What did Man Ye Kan find about cultural explaations for gender division ?
There has been a generational shift, younger men do more of the housework
What is Kans ,material explaintion for gender division ?
For every 10,000 more a woman earns they complete 2 hours of housework less each week
What did Arber and Ginn find about the material explanatin of gender differences ?
igher paid women buy more products that reduce the amount of time they have to spend on domestic chores
What did Ramos find about the material explanation for gender division in the family ?
That men who do not work compete the same roles as a full time working mother
Who was the sociologist that found men make the more important less frequent decisions whereas women are responsible for the many small decsions that need to be made ?
Edgell
What did Phall argue about inequality in family finance ?
Both the allowence system and pooling lead to financial inequality due to the pay gap and en still have the larger say on important decisions
What does postmoderist Dunne argue about the division of labour ?
The radical femisist solutino to inequality stands to be benficial this is becasue despite women gaining more power in the workplace this is not displayed in the home due to deeply ingrainde stereotypes and values that reproduce and maintain inequality
What did Smart find about differences in equality of finacnce in same sex couples ?
She found there was no attached importance of who controls the finance in same sex relationships
What did weeks et al argue about finance in families of choice ?
There was an increase of co-independece where the division of responsibility and finance is a negatioation rather than pre-determined by societal norms
What did Coleman find about domestic violence ?
Women are more likely to experience all types of abuse than men in a relationship
Who were the sociologists that found women were more likely to be the victim of multiple attacks ?
Walby and Allan
Who found that women experienced more severe control and violence leading to severe psychological effects ?
Ansara and Hindin
What did Dobash and Dobash find about domestic violence ?
They found it to be an extentino of a mans power int he home and contol over his wife and this explains the patterns and trends int he victims of DV. The police are also more likely to treat DV differently to other types of crime
What did Elliot find about men experiencing domestic violence ?
He found 1 in 7 men had experienced abuse from their female partners ans argues radical femisnism ignores men and children as victims of violence
What did Wilkinson find about the reasons for domestic violence ?
He argues that there are higher levels of DV in w/c families due to higher financial pressure leading to stress and DV is an expressin of this emotion
What does Pilcher find about childhood ?
Chidldhood is now a distinct life stage where it wasnt in the past
What does Aries argue about the differentiation of childhood as a lifestage ?
He argues that the development of childhood has led to chuildren being better protected than in the past, childhood is positive
What do Firestone and Holt argue about inequalities in childhood ?
That excluding children from work is a method of control and the children now lack the freedom they once had, many of their actions are controlled and restricted byt heir parents
Who argeus that childhood is a result of a march of progress ?
Aries and shorter
Who is the sociologist that argues there is now an age patriarchy which acts as repression to children through theur control ?
Gittens
Who is the sociologist that argues that childhood has become toxic throught the increase of the influence mass media has and childrens exposure to violence and sex ?
Palmer
What does Postman argue about childhood ?
Disappearing childhood - children now have more acess to adult themes such as drugs alcohol and pornograohy than in the past and this has led to children acting much older than their age howver he does acceot there may be cultural differences to this as his theory is based off the western notion of childhood
What does Opie argue about childhood ?
There is a specific industry for children that supports the notion that childhood is not disappearing but becoming more promniant, the familyis still acting as a unit of consumption as a result of this
What did Tranter find about health leading to changes in death rates ?
There has been a decrease in the number of deaths caused by infectious disease due to improvements in technology however, there is now a rise in diseases of affluence e.g. type 2 diabetes
What does McKeowen argue about the higher standards of living impacting death rates ?
There has been an improvement in the puoblic’s knowledge of lifestyle choices that mean people actively avoid many things such as knowing it is important to eat a balanced diet and maintain hygiene to reduce the spread of disease
What did Hirsch argue about the aging population leading to changes in social policy ?
That an increase in the older population will lead to chnages that mean the younger generation will have to work for longer or pay higher taxes to be able to afford this trend
What does Townsend argue about the social construction of aging ?
He argues age has become socially constructed throguh things such as the retirement age and pension etx, he says that this has added a negative stigma to aging and attaching the label of being dependent on others rather than self relient
Who is the sociologist that argues migration has led to an increase in multiculturalism due to there being a number of people migrating from many different countries ?
Vertovec
Who is the sociologist that found there to be hybrid families now due to migrants sharing their cultures to create children with hybrid identities ?
Eade
Who argues that an increase in migration is beneficial due to an increase in people fulfilling domestic jobs and having more children ?
Ehrenreich and hoschild
What does Castles argue about migration leading to fear and mistrust ?
He states that there is an increase in division between groups due to societal issues including terrorism, ethnic minorities are seen as different and a threat by some people due to their media representation
