Education studies only

Question 1

What was Durkeim’s explanation for the function of education ?

Answer 1

He describes education as being a miniature society whereby children are integrated into society. Creating social solidarity/cohesion

Question 2

What is Parson’s view on the function of education ?

Answer 2

Parsons argued that education is a bridge between the particularistic standards of the home and universalistic expectations of the workplace and wider society

Question 3

What is Davis and Moores explanation of the function of education ?

Answer 3

They argue that education acts as role allocation, the best students go on to the best jobs and the lower achieving students go into the lower payed jobs therefore supporting meritocracy

Question 4

What is Althuser’s argument about the function of education ?

Answer 4

He argues that edcation acts as an agent of ideological state control, this is because it aims to create a set of universal standards and maintains the myth of meritocracy so that capitalism isn’t questioned

Question 5

What is Bowles and Gintis’ argument about the role of education ?

Answer 5

They argue that the education system uses the hidden curriculum to create good workers for the bourgeoise through the correspondence principle. The idea that education reflects the workplace

Question 6

What do Bowles and Gintis argue how hierarchy in education reflects the wokrplace ?

Answer 6

They found that the hierarchy of staff and students e.g. students, teaching assistants, teachers, SLT etc reflect the hierarchy in work through employees, supervisors managers etc.

Question 7

How do Bowles and Gintis argue that alienation is in both education and the workplace ?

Answer 7

The students have a lack of control over what they learn and the amount of things they can do whilst in school, in the same way as employees lack control over production

Question 8

How do Bowles and Gintis argue that extrinsic satisfaction is in both education and the workplace ?

Answer 8

The students get pleasure from their grades rather than attending school in the same way employees get pleasure from their salary rather than the work they are completing

Question 9

How do Bowles and Gintis argue that there is fragmentation within education and the workplace ?

Answer 9

Students experience fragmentation through learning a number of subjects at once in the same way employees complete different tasks in a shift

Question 10

How do Bowles and Gintis argue there is competition in both education and the workplace ?

Answer 10

There is competition between students through grades and sports days and competition between employees through raises and promotions

Question 11

What did willis find about working class boys in education ?

Answer 11

He found that the working class boys were labelled as underachieving so became self fulfilling prophecies and formed anti-school subcultures rejecting education

Question 12

What did Harker argue about the impact of class on educational achievement ?

Answer 12

She found that lower class students were more likely to have poorer living conditions meaning they had less space to play and study, there is also an increased chance of biological hazards such as mould which could lead to increased absence

Question 13

What did Howard arue about the impact of social class on educational achievement ?

Answer 13

Howard found that lower class families were lesss likely to eat a balanced diet therefore had weaker immune systems and an increased chance of illness leading to higher absences

Question 14

What did Wilkinson argue about the impact of class on educational achievement ?

Answer 14

He argued that working class children were more likely to experience behavioural issues which mean they will spend more time out of the classroom than their middle class counterparts, leading to their underachievement. this is often due to higher levels of anxiety or hyperactivity

Question 15

What did Blanden and Machin argue about the impact of class on educational achievement ?

Answer 15

Working class children are more likely to express their behaviours through temper tantrums and fighting leading to more time out of the classroom and therefore underachievement

Question 16

What did bull argue about the impact of material deprivation on educational achievement ?

Answer 16

“the costs of free schooling” some pupils lack the whole education experience as their parents cannot afford the equipment or school trips that other parents can

Question 17

What did Tanner find about the impact of material deprivation on educational achievement ?

Answer 17

He found that many working class famies can only afford the basic uniform and equipment, this can lead to the children being bullied and feeling isolated which could make them retreat and underachieve due to a lack of confidence

Question 18

What did Callender and Jaxon find about the cost of university impacting w/c students choices ?

Answer 18

They found that the wokring class had a larger fear of debt and will avoid university as they will lack support from home

Question 19

What is the aim of educational action zones ?

Answer 19

there are areas in which teaching staff were supplied to low achieving areas as an attempt to increase educational achievement in deprived areas

Question 20

What was the excellence in cities programme ?

Answer 20

This was implimented in urban areas, the aim was to increase inclusivity in education to raise attainment

Question 21

How is the educational maintenance allowence a way to increase attainment ?

Answer 21

This aims to reduce material depreivation for working class students, it aims to cover transport uniform and equipment needed for high achievement

Question 22

How was sure start a way to increase education achievement in lower class families ?

Answer 22

Children in deprived areas were given check up and development opportunities through play to try and raise their skill levels especially in motor skills

Question 23

How has pupil premium increased attainment ?

Answer 23

This gives more students access to extracuricular activities and reduces the hidden costs of education for parents such as school trips

Question 24

What did Douglas argue about parental interest impacting attainment ?

Answer 24

He found that more working class parents were less involved in their childrens education through events such as parents evenings and encouraged their children to seek immediate gratification and less likely to encourage their child to stay in further or higher education

Question 25

How does Feinstein argue that middle class parents give their children a better chance at educational achievement ?

Answer 25

He argued middle class parents were more consistant with their children at home and that they were more likely to get their children involved in educational activities outside of school they are also more likely to spend money on better activities for their childs development

Question 26

What did sugarman argue about working class attitudes leading to underachievement in education ?

Answer 26

There are four main features of working class subculture:fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification and present time orietation which means they view education differently to the middle class

Question 27

What did Beretier and Englemann argue about working class language ?

Answer 27

They argued communication is deficient and gestures are used rather than language leading to the children not being able to develop abstract thinking

Question 28

What did Bernstein argue about working class communication ?

Answer 28

the working class speak in a resticted code whereas the middle class speak in an elaborate code

Question 29

What does Bordeiu argue about cultural capital and educational achievement ?

Answer 29

The middle class can afford activities to increase their childs cultural capital whihc is valuble in education, this measn they are more likely to be a high achiever and therefore enter a better occupation, reproducing the class syste,

Question 30

What was Sullivans test on cultural capital ?

Answer 30

Sullivan conducted 465 questionnaires in 4 different schools asking about their vocabulary and knowledge of figures. They found that those with more cultural capital were more likely to be successful at GCSE

Question 31

What was Gerwitz’s theory on parental choice in education ?

Answer 31

He found that there were 3 main tyoes of parents. The piviledged choosers who can make well informed decisions, the disconnected choosers who find it difficult to understand the system and the semi-skilled choosers who try to understand the system but become frustrated

Question 32

What is Becker’s theory of labeling ?

Answer 32

That students are given a label by their teachers and this leads to them either following the label or rejecting the label

Question 33

What is Hargreaves et al’s theory of labeling ?

Answer 33

He argued that there were 3 main stages of labelling, a speculation is made this is then elaborated then stabilised

Question 34

How did Becker conduct his study on labelling ?

Answer 34

He interviewed 60 Chicago high school teachers, they found that the middle class teachers ideal pupil fitted the stereotype whereas the wokring class did not

Question 35

What did Hempel-Jorgenson find about the differences of the ideal pupil ?

Answer 35

They found that the higher class teachers had an ideal pupil as being academic whereas the teachers in more deprived areas were likely to value a strong personality rather than academic

Question 36

What did Dunne and Gazeley find about labelling based on class ?

Answer 36

They found that teachers normalised underachievement in the working class and entered these students into the foundation papers

Question 37

What did Rist find about labelling being involved in setting and streaming ?

Answer 37

He found that ability groupings were actually based on the level to which the students conformed to middle class values

Question 38

Outline Rosenthall and Jacobson’s study on teacher labelling and the self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 38

Rosenthall and Jacobson picked 20% of students at random and told their teachers that they were gifted.After a year they went back and looked at the amount of progress made by these labelled students compared to the non-labelled students. 47% made more progress

Question 39

What was Fullers theory of the self fulfilling prophecy ?

Answer 39

She found that Black African-Caribbean girls worked hard in education to defy the label that they would underachieve in education

Question 40

What was Wood’s theory of opportunism and colonisation ?

Answer 40

He found that students who are opportunists change between wanted approval from their teacher to their peers and colonisation is where they avoid trouble unless there is no punishment

Question 41

What is Laceys theory of differentiation and polarisation ?

Answer 41

Differentiation is based on the ability of the students. Polarisation is where the students are at one extereme or the other

Question 42

What is Balls theory of streaming ?

Answer 42

Students are placed into bands however this tended to be working class students in the lower bands and they found that these bands were not encouraged to go on to further eduaciton which means that this recreated previous trends of underachievement

Question 43

What is Keddies theory of streaming and classroom knowledge ?

Answer 43

The higher class students who were in the higher sets were given a larger access to work and information than those who were in lower sets and lower social class

Question 44

What did Sharpe find about the changing expectation of girls in education ?

Answer 44

She found that in 1974 most girls had aspirations of having a family and not being focused on their educational achievement as this was unfeminine whereas in the 90s there was a much higher career focus with more wanting to be independent

Question 45

What did McRobbie find about changes in girls magasines ?

Answer 45

She found that in 1974 girls magasines focused on how to get a good husband whereas magazines in the 90s showed a higher focus on women with sucessful careers

Question 46

What does GIST stand for ?

Answer 46

Girls in Science and Technology

Question 47

What does WISE stand for ?

Answer 47

Women into Science and Engineering

Question 48

What did Gorard argue about girls and coursework ?

Answer 48

They foud that when coursework was introduced into GCSE, girls achievement shwoed a sharp increase

Question 49

What did Mitsos and Brown argue about girls and coursework ?

Answer 49

They argued that girls performed better in coursework based subjects because they were more likely to be better organised than boys

Question 50

What did the DSCF find about boys and literacy which leads them to underachievement ?

Answer 50

They found that boys are less likely to read at home which measn they have to spend longer in education developing basic skills therefore they do not progress to more complex leading to underachievement

Question 51

What did Burns and Bracey find about gender differences in coursework ?

Answer 51

They found that boys were less likely to complete school work outside of school ours meaning they underestimate how serious education is and therefore underachieve

Question 52

What was MacAngails theory of status frustration leading to a crisis of masculinity ?

Answer 52

He found that there was a decreasing number of manual labour jobs which forced men to move into more stereotypically female roles, this has lead to underachieve as they do not see the point in education as there are no manual labour jobs

Question 53

What did Epstein find about the impact of peer pressure and class on attainment ?

Answer 53

He found that boys especially who were in the working class faced abuse if they were seen working hard. Often subject to homophobic language.

Question 54

What did Francis find about the difference in the response of labelling from peers between girls and boys ?

Answer 54

She found that boys were more concerned about being labelled as hardworking as they saw it as a threat to their masculinity

Question 55

What was Mitsos and Brown argue was the interactionist view on the trend of underachievement ?

Answer 55

He argued that teachers are more likely to be lenient with boys accepting lower standards of work, they are more likely to disrupt the class, they are therefore more likely to form anti-school subcultures this leads them to overestimate their ability and therefore underachieve

Question 56

What was Normans theories on socialization ?

Answer 56

He argued that girls and boys are socalized differently, girls are rewarded for being passive

Question 57

What did Elwood find about the gender differences in reading ?

Answer 57

This influences subject choices as boys choose more factual books leading them to stem subjects and girls are more likley to choose fiction leading them to more creative and literacy based subjects

Question 58

What did Paechter find about the impact of stereotypes on subject choices ?

Answer 58

Girls are less likley to take up sports and PE due to not wanting to be labelled as butch

Question 59

What did Paechter arugue about the impact of peers on interactions ?

Answer 59

Boys are more likely to use insults to maintain their power. Boys who are more positive towards girls are labelled as gay

Question 60

What is Leeds’ theory on differences in sexual morality ?

Answer 60

She argues there is a double standard when it comes to sexual morality, for boys sex is seen as an achievement whereas for girls it is seen as shameful and they are labelled as slags

Question 61

What did Cameron find about differences between ethnicities in their quality of English ?

Answer 61

EAL students showed more errors in their English especially within grammar.

Question 62

What did Bereiter and Engleman find about the diffferences in language in black families ?

Answer 62

They found that the quality of English in black families was not of a standard needed for educational success

Question 63

What did Gilborn and Mirza find about EAL students ?

Answer 63

They found that there was little difference in achievement overall and in fact Indian students overachieved despite being EAL