Med Term 2 Flashcards
1
Q
ptyal/o
A
saliva
2
Q
-emesis
A
vomiting
3
Q
-phagia
A
swallowing, eating
4
Q
enter/o
A
intestine (usually small intestine)
5
Q
proct/o
A
anus, rectum
6
Q
cholangi/o
A
bile vessel
7
Q
chol/e
A
bile, gall
8
Q
cholecyst/o
A
gallbadder
9
Q
choledoch/o
A
bile duct
10
Q
-iasis
A
abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
11
Q
-osis
A
abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
12
Q
EGD
A
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
13
Q
RGB
A
roux-en-Y gastric bypass
14
Q
ascites
A
abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
15
Q
cirrhosis
A
chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice
16
Q
diverticular disease
A
condition in which bulging pouches (diverticula) in the GI tract push the mucosal lining through the surrounding muscle
17
Q
dysentery
A
inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, which may be caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa or parasites
18
Q
fistula
A
abnormal passage from one organ to another, or from a hollow organ to the surface
19
Q
GERD
A
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
20
Q
GERD full def
A
backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to malfunction of the lower esophageal spincter
21
Q
heratochezia
A
passage of stools containing bright red blood
22
Q
hernia
A
protrusion or porjection of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it
23
Q
Crohn disease
A
form of IBD that affects the ileum but may affect any portion of the intestinal tract
24
Q
ulcerative eolitis
A
chronic IBD of the colon characterized by episodes of diarrhea, rectal bleeding and pain
25
jaundice
yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood
26
obesity
condition in which a person accumulated an amount of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight
27
polyp
small tumor like benign growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface
28
colonic polyposis
polyps projecting from the mucous membrane of the colon
29
polyposis
polyps develop in the intestinal tract
30
ulcer
open sore or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue
31
volvulus
twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction
32
barium enema (BE)
radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium sulfate into the rectum
33
barium swallow
radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach and SI after oral administration of barium sulfate; also called upper GI series
34
computed tomography (CT)
radiographic technique that uses a narrow beam of xrays that rotates in a full arc around the patient to acquire multiple views of the body that a computer interprets to produce cross sectional images of that body part
35
endoscopy
visual examination of a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
36
upper GI
endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
37
lower GI
endoscopy of colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum/anal canal
38
magnetic resonance imaging MRI
radiographic techique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross sectional images of the body
39
Stool guaiac
test performed on feces using the reagent gum guaiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not apparent on visual inspection
40
ultrasonography US
imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off body tissues and are recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue
41
bariatric surgery
goup of procedures that treat morbid obesity
42
nasogastric intubation
insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach
43
corpor/o
body
44
orth/o
straight
45
polyp/o
small growth
46
-oid
resembling
47
cystoscopy
visual examination of the urinary tract using a systoscope inserted through the urethra
48
vesic/o
bladder
49
vesicocele
hernial protrusion of urinary bladder
50
meatus
opening or tunnel through any part of the body, such as the external opening of the urethra
51
nephr/o
kidney
52
nephroma
tumor of the kidney
53
pyel/o
renal pelvis
54
pyeloplasty
surgical repair of renal pelvis
55
-emia
blood condition
56
-iasis
abnormal condition produced by something specific
57
ARF
Acute Renal Failure
58
BNO
Bladder Neck Obstruction
59
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia; benign prostatic hypertrophy
60
BUN
Blood Urea Nitrogen
61
CRF
Chronic Renal Failure
62
DRE
digital rectal examination
63
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
64
ESWL
Extracoporeal Shock-wave Lithotripsy
65
EU
Excretory Urography
66
IVP
intravenous Pyelogram
67
IVU
Intravenous Urogram
68
KUB
Kidney, ureter, bladder
69
PKD
Polycystic Kidney Disease
70
PSA
Prostate Specific Antigen
71
RP
Retrograde pyelography
72
TURP
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
73
UA
urinalysis
74
VCUG
Voiding Cystourethrogram; voiding cystourethrography
75
azoturia
increase of nitrogenous substances, especially urea, in urine
76
diuresis
Increased formation and secretion of urine
77
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Kidney disease that has advanced to the point that the KD can no longer adequately filter blood and requires dialysis or transplant. also called CRF chronic renal failure
78
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should be established, also called nocturnal enuresis
79
hypospadias
Abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis
80
interstitial nephritis
condition associated with pathological changes in the renal intersititial tissue that is due to a toxic agent.
81
Uremia
Elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, occurs in renal failure
82
Wilms tumor
Malignant neoplasm of the KD that occurs in young children, before age 5
83
Pyelography
radiographic study of the KD, Ureters and bladder after injection of a contrast agent
84
IVP Intravenous Pyelography
Radiographic imagin in which a contrast medium is injected intravenously and serial xray films are taken to provide visualization of entrie urinary tract
85
renal scan
Nuclear medicine imaging procedure that determines renal function and shape through measurement of a radioactive substance that is injected intravenously and concentrates in the KD
86
Urinallysis
physical, chemical and microscopic evaluation of urine
87
VCUG Voiding cystourethrography
Radiography of the BL and urethra after filly the bladder with a contrast medium and during the process of voiding urine
88
Catheterization
Insertion of a catheter into a body cavity or organ to instill a substance or remove fluid.
89
hemodialysis
process of removing excess fluids and toxins from the blood by continually shunting the blood from the body into a dialysis machine for filtering, then returning the clean blood
90
peritoneal dialysis
Dialysis in which the patient's own peritoneum is used as the dialyzing membrane
91
amni/o
amnion (amniotic sac)
92
amniocentesis
surgical puncture of the amniotic sac
93
colp/o
vagina
94
colposcopy
examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument
95
vaginocele
herniation into the vagina
96
gynec/o
woman/female
97
hyster/o
uterus
98
uter/o
uterus
99
GU
Genitourinary
100
TURP, TUR
transurethral resection of the prostate
101
GC
Gonorrhea
102
cadidiasis
vaginal fungal infection caused by Candida ablicans; characterized by a curdy or cheeselike discharge and itching
103
cervicitis
inflammation of the uterine cervix
104
endomentriosis
presence of endomentrial tissue outside the uterine cavity
105
fibroid
benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue
106
leukorrhea
which discharge from the vagina
107
oligomenorrhea
scanty or infrequent menstrual flow
108
PIH pregnancy induced hypertension
potentially life threatening; happens after week 20; edema and protein uria
109
pyosalpinx
pus in the fallopian tube
110
retroversion
turning or state of being turned back, especially an entire organ being tipped from its normal postion
111
Toxic Shock Syndrom TSS
rare and sometimes fatal staphylococcus infection that generally occurs in menstruating women who use vaginal tampons
112
trichomoniasis
protozoal infestation of the vagina, urethra or prostate
113
anorchism
congenital absence of one or both testes
114
balanitis
inflammation of the skin covering the glas penis
115
cryptorchidism
failure of one or both testicles to descent
116
epispadias
congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis
117
hypospadias
Congenital defect in which the male urethra opens on undersurface of the penis
118
impotence
inability of a man to achieve or maintain penile erection
119
phimosis
stenosis or narrowness of the preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be pushed back
120
genital warts
warts in the genitalia caused by HPV
121
gonorrhea
contagious bacterial infection that most commonly affects the genitourinary tract and occasionally the pharynx or rectum
122
herpers genitalis
infection in females and males of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa with herpes virus type 2
123
syphilis
infections chronic STD characterized by lesions that change to a chancre and may involve any organ or tissue
124
amniocentesis
obstetric procedure that involves surgical puncture of the amniotic sac and under ultrasound guidance to remove amniotic fluid
125
hysterosalpingography
radiography of the uterus and oviducts after injection of a contrast medium
126
laparoscopy
visual exam of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall
127
mammography
radiography of breast
128
papanicolau PAP test
microscopic analysis of cells taken from the cervix and vaginal to detect the presence of cancer
129
Digital rectal examination DRE
examination of the prostate gland by finger palpation through the anal canal and rectum
130
Prostate specific antigen PSA test
blood test to screen for prostate cancer
131
cerclage
obstertic procedure in which a nonabsorbably sutrue is used for holding the cervix closed to prevent spontaneious abortion
132
dilation and curettage D&C
surgical procedure that widens the cervical canal so that the endometrium of the uterus can be scraped
133
hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy
surgical removal of a uterus, a fallopian tube and a ovary
134
lumpectomy
excision of a small primary breast tumor and some of the normal tissue around it
135
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
136
thym/o
thymus gland
137
thyr/o
throid gland
138
-dipsia
thrist
139
-trophy
development/nourishment
140
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
141
ACTH Target Organ
Adrenal Cortex
142
ACTH function
promotes secretions of some hormones by adrenal cortex, esp cortisol
143
ACTH disorder
hyposecretion is rare
| hypersecretion causes Cushing Disease
144
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
145
FSH Target Organ
Ovaries and Testes
146
FSH Function
stimulate egg production/increase estrogen
| stimulate sperm prodction
147
FSH Disorder
Hyposecretion causes failure of sexual maturation
| hypersecretion has no known effects
148
GH
Growth Hormone
| Somatotropin
149
GH Target Organ
Bone cartilage, liver, muscle, and other tissues
150
GH function
stimulates somatic growth
151
GH Disorder
HYPO causes dwarfism
| HYPER causes gigantism or acromeagaly
152
LH
luteninizing Hormone
153
LH Target Organ
Ovaries and Testies
154
LH Function
promotes ovulation, stiumlates estrogen and progesterone; in males promotion of testosterone
155
LH Disorders
HYPO failure of sexual maturation
| HYPER No known effects
156
Prolactin Organ/function
Breast, promotes lactation
157
Prolactin Disorders
HYPO poor lactation
| HYPER galactorhhea
158
TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
159
TSH organ
Thyroid gland
160
TSH function
stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone
161
TSH disorder
```
HYPO cretinism (infants) myxedema (adults)
HYPER Graves Disease
```
162
ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone
163
ADH Target organ
Kidney
164
ADH function
increases water reabsorption
165
Oxytocin Organ and Function
Uterus-stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor
| Breasts-promotes milk secretion from the mammary glands
166
Calcitonin
Regulates calcium levels. secreted when calcium levels are high
167
T4 and T3
Thyroxine and triiodothryronine
168
T4 and T3 functions
Increases energy production from all food types
| increases rate of protein synthesis
169
Glucocorticoids
Body cells, promote gluconeogenesis, regulate metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats
170
Mineralocorticoids
Kidneys, increase blood levels of sodium and decrease blood levels of potassium
171
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
sympathetic nervous system increase metabolic rate and heart rate and raise blood pressure
172
cerebr/o
cerebrum
173
encephal
brain
174
gli/o
glue; neuroglial tissue
175
mening/o
meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)
176
meningi/o
meninges
177
myel/o
bone marrow
178
-paresis
partial paralysis
179
-phasia
speech
180
-plegia
paralysis
181
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
182
DM
diabetes mellitus
183
GH
growth hormone
184
HRT
Hormone Replacement threapy
185
CNS
central nervous system
186
LP
lumar puncture
187
CO
cardiac output
188
EEG
electroencephalogram
189
EMG
electromyography
190
AP
Anteroposterior
191
PA
posteroanterior
192
CT
computed tomography
193
Addison Disease
Uncommon chronic disorder caused by deficiency of cortical hormones that results when the adrenal cortex is damaged or atrophied
194
Cushing Syndrome
Cluster of symptoms cause by excessive amount of cortisol or ACTH in the blood
195
diabetes mellitus DM
chronic metabolic disorder of impaired carbohydrate, protein and fate metabolism due to insufficient production of insulin
196
Type 1 diabetes
ubrupt in onset, failure of pancreas to produce insulin
197
type 2 diabetes
gradual in onset, results from the deficiency in production of insulin or resistance to the action of insulin by the body's cells
198
exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball
199
Graves disease
mulitsystem autoimmune disorder that involves growth of the thyroid associated with nypersecretion of thyroxine
200
insulinoma
tumor of the islets of langerhans
201
myxedema
advancded hypothroidism, causing edema and increased blood volume and increased blood pressure
202
obesity
20% or above ideal body weight
203
morbid obesity
BMI of 40 or greater (100+lbs over ideal)
204
panhypopituitarism
total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
205
pheochromocytoma
small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla
206
pituitarism
any disorder of the pituitary gland and its function
207
Alzheimer disease
chronic organic mental disorder that is a progressive form of a presenile dementia caused by atrophy of the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain
208
Epilepsy
disorder affecting the CNS that is characterized by recurring seizures
209
huntington Chorea
hereditary nervous disorder caused by the progressive loss of brain cells leading to bizarre involuntary dancelike movements
210
hydrocephalus
cranial enlargement caused by accumlation of fluid within the ventricles of the brain
211
MS multiple sclerosis
progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain, which produces weakness and other muscle symptoms
212
neuroblastoma
malignant tumor composed principally of cells resembling neuroblasts
213
palsy
partial or complete loss of motor function
214
Bell Palsy
facial paralysis on one side of the face because of inflammation of a facial nerve
215
cerebral palsy
bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can be hereditary
216
parkinson disease
progressive, degenerative neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain resposible for controlling movement
217
poliomyelitis
infammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus
218
sciatica
severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve
219
seizure
convulsion or other clinically detectable event caused by sudden discharge of electrical activity in the brain
220
spina bifida
congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete colosre of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and menninges may or may not protrude
221
transient ischemic attack
temporary interference with blood supply to the brain lasting fa few minutes to a few hours
222
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross sectional images of the body
223
RAIU Radio active Iodine Uptake Test
imagin procedure that measures levels of radioactivity in the thryroid after oral or IV administraion of a radioactive iodine
224
CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid analysis
CSF obtained via lumbar puncture is evaluated for clarity and color, cells and proteins
225
PET
Positron emission tomography
226
PET Positron emission tomography
Radiographic technique combining computer tomography with radio pharmaceuticals that produces a cross sectional image of the body to revel areas where the material is being metabolized vs deficiency of metabolized
227
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
228
craniotomy
surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain
229
thalamotomy
partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain
230
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
oral administration or injection of synthetic hormones to correct a deficiency in such hormones
231
fasci/o
band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles
232
leiomy/o
smooth muscle
233
-asthenia
weakness, debility
234
-rrhaphy
suture
235
-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
236
Flexion/Extension
bending and extension of a limb
237
abduction/adduction
movement away from and toward body
238
rotation
circular movement around an axis
239
pronation/supination
turning had to a palm down or palm up position
240
dorsifilexion/plantar flexion
bending the foot or toes upward or downward
241
carp/o
carpus (wrist bones)
242
spondyl/o
vertebra
243
stern/o
sternum
244
calcane/o
calcaneum (heel bone)
245
cyst/o
Bladder
246
cystoscopy
visual examination of the urinary tract using a systoscope inserted through the urethra
247
vesic/o
bladder
248
EU
Excretory Urography
249
IVP
intravenous Pyelogram
250
IVU
Intravenous Urogram
251
PKD
Polycystic Kidney Disease
252
PSA
Prostate Specific Antigen
253
RP
Retrograde pyelography
254
TURP
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
255
UA
urinalysis
256
VCUG
Voiding Cystourethrogram; voiding cystourethrography
257
azoturia
increase of nitrogenous substances, especially urea, in urine
258
diuresis
Increased formation and secretion of urine
259
dysuria
painful or difficult urination, symptomatic of systitis and other urinary tract conditions
260
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Kidney disease that has advanced to the point that the KD can no longer adequately filter blood and requires dialysis or transplant. also called CRF chronic renal failure
261
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should be established, also called nocturnal enuresis
262
hypospadias
Abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis
263
interstitial nephritis
condition associated with pathological changes in the renal intersititial tissue that is due to a toxic agent.
264
renal hypertension
HB pressure that results from KD disease
265
Uremia
Elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, occurs in renal failure
266
Wilms tumor
Malignant neoplasm of the KD that occurs in young children, before age 5
267
BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen
Laboratory test that measures the amount of urea in the blood and demonstrates the KD ability to filter urea from the blood
268
CT Compute tomography
radiographic technique that uses a narrow beam of Xrays that rotates in a full arc to acquire multiple views of the body that a computer interprets to produce cross section images of that part
269
KUB Kidney, Ureter, Bladder
Radiographic examination to determine the location size shape and malformation of the KUB
270
Pyelography
radiographic study of the KD, Ureters and bladder after injection of a contrast agent
271
IVP Intravenous Pyelography
Radiographic imagin in which a contrast medium is injected intravenously and serial xray films are taken to provide visualization of entrie urinary tract
272
renal scan
Nuclear medicine imaging procedure that determines renal function and shape through measurement of a radioactive substance that is injected intravenously and concentrates in the KD
273
VCUG Voiding cystourethrography
Radiography of the BL and urethra after filly the bladder with a contrast medium and during the process of voiding urine
274
dialysis
mechanical filtering process used to cleanse blood of high concentrations of metabolic waste productes
275
hemodialysis
process of removing excess fluids and toxins from the blood by continually shunting the blood from the body into a dialysis machine for filtering, then returning the clean blood
276
peritoneal dialysis
Dialysis in which the patient's own peritoneum is used as the dialyzing membrane
277
amni/o
amnion (amniotic sac)
278
amniocentesis
surgical puncture of the amniotic sac
279
cervicitis
inflammation of cervix uteri
280
colp/o
vagina
281
colposcopy
examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument
282
vagin/o
vagina
283
vaginocele
herniation into the vagina
284
galact/o
milk
285
galactorrhea
discharge or flow of milk
286
lact/o
milk
287
lactogen
production and secretion of milk
288
gynec/o
woman/female
289
hyster/o
uterus
290
uter/o
uterus
291
mamm/o
breast
292
mast/o
breast
293
men/o
menses, menstruation
294
metr/o
uterus; measure
295
endometritis
inflammation of the endomentrium
296
nat/o
birth
297
oophor/o
ovary
298
ovari/o
ovary
299
oophoroma
ovarian tumor
300
ovariorrhexis
rupture of an ovary
301
vulv/o
vulva
302
episi/o
vulva
303
-arche
benginning
304
menarche
initial menstrual period
305
-cyesis
pregnancy
306
-para
to bear (offspring)
307
-tocia
childbirth/labor
308
-version
turning
309
andr/o
male
310
balan/o
glans penis
311
gonad/o
gonads, sex glands
312
gonadotropin
hormone that stimulates the gonads
313
varic/o
dilated vein
314
varicocele
dialated or enlarged vein of the spermatic cord
315
vas/o
vessel; vas deferens; duct
316
vesicul/o
seminal vesicle
317
CS C-section
cesarean section
318
D&C
dialation and curettage
319
GYN
gynecology
320
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
321
IUD
intrauterine device
322
IVF
in vitro fertilization
323
LMP
last menstrual period
324
OCPs
oral contraceptive pills
325
Pap
Papanicolaou
326
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
327
PIH
pregnancy induced hypertension
328
TAH
total abdominal hysterectomy
329
TRAM
transverse rectus abdominis muscle
330
TVH
Total Vaginal Hysterectomy
331
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia
332
GU
Genitourinary
333
GC
Gonorrhea
334
cadidiasis
vaginal fungal infection caused by Candida ablicans; characterized by a curdy or cheeselike discharge and itching
335
cervicitis
inflammation of the uterine cervix
336
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of the fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity
337
endomentriosis
presence of endomentrial tissue outside the uterine cavity
338
fibroid
benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue
339
leukorrhea
which discharge from the vagina
340
oligomenorrhea
scanty or infrequent menstrual flow
341
PIH pregnancy induced hypertension
potentially life threatening; happens after week 20; edema and protein uria
342
pyosalpinx
pus in the fallopian tube
343
trichomoniasis
protozoal infestation of the vagina, urethra or prostate
344
anorchism
congenital absence of one or both testes
345
balanitis
inflammation of the skin covering the glas penis
346
cryptorchidism
failure of one or both testicles to descent
347
epispadias
congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis
348
hypospadias
Congenital defect in which the male urethra opens on undersurface of the penis
349
phimosis
stenosis or narrowness of the preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be pushed back
350
genital warts
warts in the genitalia caused by HPV
351
gonorrhea
contagious bacterial infection that most commonly affects the genitourinary tract and occasionally the pharynx or rectum
352
herpers genitalis
infection in females and males of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa with herpes virus type 2
353
syphilis
infections chronic STD characterized by lesions that change to a chancre and may involve any organ or tissue
354
amniocentesis
obstetric procedure that involves surgical puncture of the amniotic sac and under ultrasound guidance to remove amniotic fluid
355
hysterosalpingography
radiography of the uterus and oviducts after injection of a contrast medium
356
laparoscopy
visual exam of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall
357
mammography
radiography of breast
358
papanicolau PAP test
microscopic analysis of cells taken from the cervix and vaginal to detect the presence of cancer
359
Digital rectal examination DRE
examination of the prostate gland by finger palpation through the anal canal and rectum
360
Prostate specific antigen PSA test
blood test to screen for prostate cancer
361
cerclage
obstertic procedure in which a nonabsorbably sutrue is used for holding the cervix closed to prevent spontaneious abortion
362
dilation and curettage D&C
surgical procedure that widens the cervical canal so that the endometrium of the uterus can be scraped
363
hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy
surgical removal of a uterus, a fallopian tube and a ovary
364
lumpectomy
excision of a small primary breast tumor and some of the normal tissue around it
365
mastecomy
complete or partial excision of one or both breasts, most commonaly preformed to remove a malignant tumor
366
transurethral resection of the prostate TURP
surgical procedure to relieve obstruction casued by benign prostatic hyperplasia by insertion of a resctoscope into the penis and through the urethra to chip away at prostatic tissue
367
gonadotropin
hormonal preparation used to increase sperm count
368
-dipsia
thrist
369
-trophy
development/nourishment
370
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
371
ACTH Target Organ
Adrenal Cortex
372
ACTH function
promotes secretions of some hormones by adrenal cortex, esp cortisol
373
ACTH disorder
hyposecretion is rare
| hypersecretion causes Cushing Disease
374
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
375
FSH Target Organ
Ovaries and Testes
376
FSH Function
stimulate egg production/increase estrogen
| stimulate sperm prodction
377
FSH Disorder
Hyposecretion causes failure of sexual maturation
| hypersecretion has no known effects
378
GH
Growth Hormone
| Somatotropin
379
GH Target Organ
Bone cartilage, liver, muscle, and other tissues
380
GH function
stimulates somatic growth
381
GH Disorder
HYPO causes dwarfism
| HYPER causes gigantism or acromeagaly
382
LH
luteninizing Hormone
383
LH Target Organ
Ovaries and Testies
384
LH Function
promotes ovulation, stiumlates estrogen and progesterone; in males promotion of testosterone
385
LH Disorders
HYPO failure of sexual maturation
| HYPER No known effects
386
Prolactin Organ/function
Breast, promotes lactation
387
Prolactin Disorders
HYPO poor lactation
| HYPER galactorhhea
388
TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
389
TSH organ
Thyroid gland
390
TSH function
stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone
391
TSH disorder
```
HYPO cretinism (infants) myxedema (adults)
HYPER Graves Disease
```
392
ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone
393
ADH Target organ
Kidney
394
ADH function
increases water reabsorption
395
Oxytocin Organ and Function
Uterus-stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor
| Breasts-promotes milk secretion from the mammary glands
396
Calcitonin
Regulates calcium levels. secreted when calcium levels are high
397
T4 and T3
Thyroxine and triiodothryronine
398
T4 and T3 functions
Increases energy production from all food types
| increases rate of protein synthesis
399
Glucocorticoids
Body cells, promote gluconeogenesis, regulate metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats
400
Mineralocorticoids
Kidneys, increase blood levels of sodium and decrease blood levels of potassium
401
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
sympathetic nervous system increase metabolic rate and heart rate and raise blood pressure
402
cerebr/o
cerebrum
403
encephal
brain
404
gli/o
glue; neuroglial tissue
405
mening/o
meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)
406
meningi/o
meninges
407
myel/o
bone marrow
408
neur/o
nerve
409
-paresis
partial paralysis
410
-phasia
speech
411
-plegia
paralysis
412
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
413
BG
Blood Glucose
414
BS
Blood sugar
415
GH
growth hormone
416
HRT
Hormone Replacement threapy
417
CNS
central nervous system
418
AP
Anteroposterior
419
PA
posteroanterior
420
Addison Disease
Uncommon chronic disorder caused by deficiency of cortical hormones that results when the adrenal cortex is damaged or atrophied
421
Cushing Syndrome
Cluster of symptoms cause by excessive amount of cortisol or ACTH in the blood
422
diabetes mellitus DM
chronic metabolic disorder of impaired carbohydrate, protein and fate metabolism due to insufficient production of insulin
423
Type 1 diabetes
ubrupt in onset, failure of pancreas to produce insulin
424
type 2 diabetes
gradual in onset, results from the deficiency in production of insulin or resistance to the action of insulin by the body's cells
425
exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball
426
Graves disease
mulitsystem autoimmune disorder that involves growth of the thyroid associated with nypersecretion of thyroxine
427
insulinoma
tumor of the islets of langerhans
428
myxedema
advancded hypothroidism, causing edema and increased blood volume and increased blood pressure
429
obesity
20% or above ideal body weight
430
morbid obesity
BMI of 40 or greater (100+lbs over ideal)
431
panhypopituitarism
total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
432
pheochromocytoma
small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla
433
pituitarism
any disorder of the pituitary gland and its function
434
Alzheimer disease
chronic organic mental disorder that is a progressive form of a presenile dementia caused by atrophy of the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain
435
Epilepsy
disorder affecting the CNS that is characterized by recurring seizures
436
huntington Chorea
hereditary nervous disorder caused by the progressive loss of brain cells leading to bizarre involuntary dancelike movements
437
hydrocephalus
cranial enlargement caused by accumlation of fluid within the ventricles of the brain
438
MS multiple sclerosis
progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain, which produces weakness and other muscle symptoms
439
neuroblastoma
malignant tumor composed principally of cells resembling neuroblasts
440
palsy
partial or complete loss of motor function
441
Bell Palsy
facial paralysis on one side of the face because of inflammation of a facial nerve
442
cerebral palsy
bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can be hereditary
443
parkinson disease
progressive, degenerative neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain resposible for controlling movement
444
poliomyelitis
infammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus
445
seizure
convulsion or other clinically detectable event caused by sudden discharge of electrical activity in the brain
446
spina bifida
congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete colosre of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and menninges may or may not protrude
447
transient ischemic attack
temporary interference with blood supply to the brain lasting fa few minutes to a few hours
448
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross sectional images of the body
449
RAIU Radio active Iodine Uptake Test
imagin procedure that measures levels of radioactivity in the thryroid after oral or IV administraion of a radioactive iodine
450
CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid analysis
CSF obtained via lumbar puncture is evaluated for clarity and color, cells and proteins
451
lumbar puncture
insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column at the level of the fourth intervetebral space to withdraw cerebral spinal fluid
452
PET
Positron emission tomography
453
PET Positron emission tomography
Radiographic technique combining computer tomography with radio pharmaceuticals that produces a cross sectional image of the body to revel areas where the material is being metabolized vs deficiency of metabolized
454
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
455
craniotomy
surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain
456
thalamotomy
partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain
457
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
oral administration or injection of synthetic hormones to correct a deficiency in such hormones
458
fasci/o
band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles
459
fibr/o
fiber
460
leiomy/o
smooth muscle
461
-asthenia
weakness, debility
462
-rrhaphy
suture
463
-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
464
Flexion/Extension
bending and extension of a limb
465
abduction/adduction
movement away from and toward body
466
rotation
circular movement around an axis
467
pronation/supination
turning had to a palm down or palm up position
468
dorsifilexion/plantar flexion
bending the foot or toes upward or downward
469
spondyl/o
vertebra
470
calcane/o
calcaneum (heel bone)
471
patell/o
kneecap/patella
472
radi/o
radiation, xray; radius lower arm bone, thumside)
473
tibi/o
tibia larger bone of lower leg
474
ankyl/o
stiffness, bent crooked
475
arthr/o
joint
476
chondr/o
cartilage
477
lamin/o
lamina
478
myel/o
bone marrow
479
-desis
binding, fixation
480
physis
growth
481
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
482
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrom
483
Orth, Ortho
orthopedics
484
THR
total hip replacement
485
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
486
muscular dystrophy
group of hereditary diseases characterized by gradual atrophy and weakness of muscle tissue
487
myasthenia gravis MG
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by severe muscular weakness and progressive fatigue
488
sprain
trauma to ta joint that causes injury to the surrounding ligament accompanied by pain and disability
489
strain
trauma to a muscle from over use or excessive forcible stretch
490
talipes equinovarus
congenital deformity of the food also called club foot
491
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
492
torticollis
spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles causing stiffness and twisting of the neck, wryneck
493
CTS carpal tunnel syndrome
pain or numbness resulting from compression of the medial nerve within the carpal tunnel
494
contracture
fibroisis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
495
crepitation
grating sound made by the movement of bone ends rubbing together
496
Ewing Sarcoma
malignant tumor that develops from bone marrow, usually in long bones or the pelvis
497
gout
hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints
498
herniated disk
herniation or rupture of the nucleus pulposus between two vertebrae
499
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density with an increase in porosity causing bones to become brittle and increasing the risk of fractures
500
Paget Disease
skeletal disease affecting elderly people that causes chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones and bowing of long bones
501
RA
chronic systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple joints
502
subluxation
partial or complete disclocation
503
sequestrum
fragment of a necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue
504
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin that firsts affects the spine and characterized by fusion and loss of mobility of two or more vertebrae
505
kyphosis
increased curvature of the throacic region of the vertebral column, leading to ta humpback posture; also called hunchback
506
lordosis
forward curature of the lumbar region, leads to swayback
507
scoliosis
abnormal sideward curvature of the spine
508
spondylolisthesis
partical forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one below it
509
arthrocentesis
puncture of a joint space with a needle to remover fluid
510
rheunmatoid factor
blood test to detect the presence of the rheumatiod factor
511
arthroplasty
surgical reconstruction of a painful degenerated joint to restore movement
512
blephar/o
eyelid
513
conjuctive/o
conjuctiva
514
choroid/o
choroid
515
corne/o
cornea
516
cor/o
pupil
517
core/o
pupil
518
pupill/o
pupil
519
dacry/o
tear, lacrimal apparatus
520
dlacrim/o
tear, lacrimal apparatus
521
dipl/o
double
522
irid/o
iris
523
kerat/o
horny tissue; hard; cornea
524
ocul/o
eye
525
ophthalm/o
eye
526
opt/o
eye, vision
527
retin/o
retina
528
scler/o
hardening; sclera
529
opia
vision
530
opsia
vision
531
-ptosis
prolapse, downward displacement
532
-tropia
turning
533
acous/o
hearing
534
audi/o
hearing
535
myring/o
tympanic membrane (ear drum)
536
typman/0
ear drum
537
ot/o
ear
538
salping/o
tube
539
-acusis
hearing
540
achromatopsia
congenital deficiency in color preception/ color blindness
541
astigmatism
defective curvature of the cornea and lens
542
cataract
degenerative disease in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively cloudy
543
conjunctiveitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva that can be cause by bacteria, allergy, irritation or a foreign body; pinkeye
544
diabetic retinopathy
retinal damage marked by aneurysmal dilation and bleeding of blood vessels or the formation of new blood vessels causing visual changes.
545
glaucoma
condition in which the aqueous humor fails to drain and accumulates in the anterior chamber of the eye causing evlevated pressure
546
hordeloum
small purulent inflammatory infection of a sebacceous gland of the eyelid; sty
547
macular degeneration
breakdown of the tissues in the macula, resuling in a loss of central vision
548
photophobia
unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light
549
strabismus
muscular eye disorder in which the eyes turn from the normal position so that they can deviate in different directions
550
acoustic neuroma
benign tumor that develops from the 8th CN and grows within the auditory canal
551
Meniere Disease
rare disorder of unknown etiology within the labyrinth of the inner ear that can lead to a progressive loss of hearing
552
Otitis media (OM)
inflammation of the middle ear
553
otosclerosis
progressive deafness due to ossification in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
554
tinnitus
ringing in the ear
555
tonometry
procedure used to detect glaucoma
556
visual acuity test
standard eye test
557
audiometry
test that measures hearing acuity at various frequencies
558
otoscopy
visual exam of the external auditory canal and ear drum
559
Rinne Test
Hearing test performed with a vibrating tuning fork
560
radi/o
radiation, xray; radius lower arm bone, thumside)
561
ankyl/o
stiffness, bent crooked
562
arthr/o
joint
563
chondr/o
cartilage
564
lamin/o
lamina
565
myel/o
bone marrow
566
orth/o
straight
567
physis
growth
568
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
569
muscular dystrophy
group of hereditary diseases characterized by gradual atrophy and weakness of muscle tissue
570
myasthenia gravis MG
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by severe muscular weakness and progressive fatigue
571
rotator cuff injuries
injuries to the capsule of the shoulder joint which is reinforced by muscles and tendons
572
sprain
trauma to ta joint that causes injury to the surrounding ligament accompanied by pain and disability
573
strain
trauma to a muscle from over use or excessive forcible stretch
574
talipes equinovarus
congenital deformity of the food also called club foot
575
torticollis
spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles causing stiffness and twisting of the neck, wryneck
576
CTS carpal tunnel syndrome
pain or numbness resulting from compression of the medial nerve within the carpal tunnel
577
contracture
fibroisis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
578
crepitation
grating sound made by the movement of bone ends rubbing together
579
Ewing Sarcoma
malignant tumor that develops from bone marrow, usually in long bones or the pelvis
580
gout
hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints
581
herniated disk
herniation or rupture of the nucleus pulposus between two vertebrae
582
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density with an increase in porosity causing bones to become brittle and increasing the risk of fractures
583
Paget Disease
skeletal disease affecting elderly people that causes chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones and bowing of long bones
584
RA
chronic systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple joints
585
subluxation
partial or complete disclocation
586
sequestrum
fragment of a necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue
587
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin that firsts affects the spine and characterized by fusion and loss of mobility of two or more vertebrae
588
kyphosis
increased curvature of the throacic region of the vertebral column, leading to ta humpback posture; also called hunchback
589
lordosis
forward curature of the lumbar region, leads to swayback
590
scoliosis
abnormal sideward curvature of the spine
591
spondylolisthesis
partical forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one below it
592
arthrocentesis
puncture of a joint space with a needle to remover fluid
593
rheunmatoid factor
blood test to detect the presence of the rheumatiod factor
594
arthroplasty
surgical reconstruction of a painful degenerated joint to restore movement
595
blephar/o
eyelid
596
conjuctive/o
conjuctiva
597
choroid/o
choroid
598
corne/o
cornea
599
cor/o
pupil
600
core/o
pupil
601
dacry/o
tear, lacrimal apparatus
602
dlacrim/o
tear, lacrimal apparatus
603
dipl/o
double
604
irid/o
iris
605
kerat/o
horny tissue; hard; cornea
606
ocul/o
eye
607
ophthalm/o
eye
608
opt/o
eye, vision
609
retin/o
retina
610
scler/o
hardening; sclera
611
opia
vision
612
opsia
vision
613
-ptosis
prolapse, downward displacement
614
-tropia
turning
615
acous/o
hearing
616
audi/o
hearing
617
audit/o
hearing
618
myring/o
tympanic membrane (ear drum)
619
typman/0
ear drum
620
ot/o
ear
621
salping/o
tube
622
-acusis
hearing
623
achromatopsia
congenital deficiency in color preception/ color blindness
624
astigmatism
defective curvature of the cornea and lens
625
cataract
degenerative disease in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively cloudy
626
conjunctiveitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva that can be cause by bacteria, allergy, irritation or a foreign body; pinkeye
627
diabetic retinopathy
retinal damage marked by aneurysmal dilation and bleeding of blood vessels or the formation of new blood vessels causing visual changes.
628
glaucoma
condition in which the aqueous humor fails to drain and accumulates in the anterior chamber of the eye causing evlevated pressure
629
hordeloum
small purulent inflammatory infection of a sebacceous gland of the eyelid; sty
630
macular degeneration
breakdown of the tissues in the macula, resuling in a loss of central vision
631
photophobia
unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light
632
retinal detachment
separation of the retina from the choroid which disrupts vision and results in blindness if not repaired
633
strabismus
muscular eye disorder in which the eyes turn from the normal position so that they can deviate in different directions
634
acoustic neuroma
benign tumor that develops from the 8th CN and grows within the auditory canal
635
hearing loss
decreased ability to perceive sounds compared to what the individual or examiner would regard as normal
636
Meniere Disease
rare disorder of unknown etiology within the labyrinth of the inner ear that can lead to a progressive loss of hearing
637
Otitis media (OM)
inflammation of the middle ear
638
otosclerosis
progressive deafness due to ossification in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
639
presbycusis
impairment of hearing that results from the aging process
640
tonometry
procedure used to detect glaucoma
641
visual acuity test
standard eye test
642
audiometry
test that measures hearing acuity at various frequencies
643
otoscopy
visual exam of the external auditory canal and ear drum
644
Rinne Test
Hearing test performed with a vibrating tuning fork
