Med Term 2 Flashcards
ptyal/o
saliva
-emesis
vomiting
-phagia
swallowing, eating
enter/o
intestine (usually small intestine)
proct/o
anus, rectum
cholangi/o
bile vessel
chol/e
bile, gall
cholecyst/o
gallbadder
choledoch/o
bile duct
-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
-osis
abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
RGB
roux-en-Y gastric bypass
ascites
abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
cirrhosis
chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice
diverticular disease
condition in which bulging pouches (diverticula) in the GI tract push the mucosal lining through the surrounding muscle
dysentery
inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, which may be caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa or parasites
fistula
abnormal passage from one organ to another, or from a hollow organ to the surface
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
GERD full def
backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to malfunction of the lower esophageal spincter
heratochezia
passage of stools containing bright red blood
hernia
protrusion or porjection of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it
Crohn disease
form of IBD that affects the ileum but may affect any portion of the intestinal tract
ulcerative eolitis
chronic IBD of the colon characterized by episodes of diarrhea, rectal bleeding and pain
jaundice
yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes and sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood
obesity
condition in which a person accumulated an amount of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight
polyp
small tumor like benign growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface
colonic polyposis
polyps projecting from the mucous membrane of the colon
polyposis
polyps develop in the intestinal tract
ulcer
open sore or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue
volvulus
twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction
barium enema (BE)
radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium sulfate into the rectum
barium swallow
radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach and SI after oral administration of barium sulfate; also called upper GI series
computed tomography (CT)
radiographic technique that uses a narrow beam of xrays that rotates in a full arc around the patient to acquire multiple views of the body that a computer interprets to produce cross sectional images of that body part
endoscopy
visual examination of a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
upper GI
endoscopy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
lower GI
endoscopy of colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum/anal canal
magnetic resonance imaging MRI
radiographic techique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross sectional images of the body
Stool guaiac
test performed on feces using the reagent gum guaiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not apparent on visual inspection
ultrasonography US
imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off body tissues and are recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue
bariatric surgery
goup of procedures that treat morbid obesity
nasogastric intubation
insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach
corpor/o
body
orth/o
straight
polyp/o
small growth
-oid
resembling
cystoscopy
visual examination of the urinary tract using a systoscope inserted through the urethra
vesic/o
bladder
vesicocele
hernial protrusion of urinary bladder
meatus
opening or tunnel through any part of the body, such as the external opening of the urethra
nephr/o
kidney
nephroma
tumor of the kidney
pyel/o
renal pelvis
pyeloplasty
surgical repair of renal pelvis
-emia
blood condition
-iasis
abnormal condition produced by something specific
ARF
Acute Renal Failure
BNO
Bladder Neck Obstruction
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia; benign prostatic hypertrophy
BUN
Blood Urea Nitrogen
CRF
Chronic Renal Failure
DRE
digital rectal examination
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
ESWL
Extracoporeal Shock-wave Lithotripsy
EU
Excretory Urography
IVP
intravenous Pyelogram
IVU
Intravenous Urogram
KUB
Kidney, ureter, bladder
PKD
Polycystic Kidney Disease
PSA
Prostate Specific Antigen
RP
Retrograde pyelography
TURP
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
UA
urinalysis
VCUG
Voiding Cystourethrogram; voiding cystourethrography
azoturia
increase of nitrogenous substances, especially urea, in urine
diuresis
Increased formation and secretion of urine
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Kidney disease that has advanced to the point that the KD can no longer adequately filter blood and requires dialysis or transplant. also called CRF chronic renal failure
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should be established, also called nocturnal enuresis
hypospadias
Abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis
interstitial nephritis
condition associated with pathological changes in the renal intersititial tissue that is due to a toxic agent.
Uremia
Elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, occurs in renal failure
Wilms tumor
Malignant neoplasm of the KD that occurs in young children, before age 5
Pyelography
radiographic study of the KD, Ureters and bladder after injection of a contrast agent
IVP Intravenous Pyelography
Radiographic imagin in which a contrast medium is injected intravenously and serial xray films are taken to provide visualization of entrie urinary tract
renal scan
Nuclear medicine imaging procedure that determines renal function and shape through measurement of a radioactive substance that is injected intravenously and concentrates in the KD
Urinallysis
physical, chemical and microscopic evaluation of urine
VCUG Voiding cystourethrography
Radiography of the BL and urethra after filly the bladder with a contrast medium and during the process of voiding urine
Catheterization
Insertion of a catheter into a body cavity or organ to instill a substance or remove fluid.
hemodialysis
process of removing excess fluids and toxins from the blood by continually shunting the blood from the body into a dialysis machine for filtering, then returning the clean blood
peritoneal dialysis
Dialysis in which the patient’s own peritoneum is used as the dialyzing membrane
amni/o
amnion (amniotic sac)
amniocentesis
surgical puncture of the amniotic sac
colp/o
vagina
colposcopy
examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument
vaginocele
herniation into the vagina
gynec/o
woman/female
hyster/o
uterus
uter/o
uterus
GU
Genitourinary
TURP, TUR
transurethral resection of the prostate
GC
Gonorrhea
cadidiasis
vaginal fungal infection caused by Candida ablicans; characterized by a curdy or cheeselike discharge and itching
cervicitis
inflammation of the uterine cervix
endomentriosis
presence of endomentrial tissue outside the uterine cavity
fibroid
benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue
leukorrhea
which discharge from the vagina
oligomenorrhea
scanty or infrequent menstrual flow
PIH pregnancy induced hypertension
potentially life threatening; happens after week 20; edema and protein uria
pyosalpinx
pus in the fallopian tube
retroversion
turning or state of being turned back, especially an entire organ being tipped from its normal postion
Toxic Shock Syndrom TSS
rare and sometimes fatal staphylococcus infection that generally occurs in menstruating women who use vaginal tampons
trichomoniasis
protozoal infestation of the vagina, urethra or prostate
anorchism
congenital absence of one or both testes
balanitis
inflammation of the skin covering the glas penis
cryptorchidism
failure of one or both testicles to descent
epispadias
congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis
hypospadias
Congenital defect in which the male urethra opens on undersurface of the penis
impotence
inability of a man to achieve or maintain penile erection
phimosis
stenosis or narrowness of the preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be pushed back
genital warts
warts in the genitalia caused by HPV
gonorrhea
contagious bacterial infection that most commonly affects the genitourinary tract and occasionally the pharynx or rectum
herpers genitalis
infection in females and males of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa with herpes virus type 2
syphilis
infections chronic STD characterized by lesions that change to a chancre and may involve any organ or tissue
amniocentesis
obstetric procedure that involves surgical puncture of the amniotic sac and under ultrasound guidance to remove amniotic fluid
hysterosalpingography
radiography of the uterus and oviducts after injection of a contrast medium
laparoscopy
visual exam of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall
mammography
radiography of breast
papanicolau PAP test
microscopic analysis of cells taken from the cervix and vaginal to detect the presence of cancer
Digital rectal examination DRE
examination of the prostate gland by finger palpation through the anal canal and rectum
Prostate specific antigen PSA test
blood test to screen for prostate cancer
cerclage
obstertic procedure in which a nonabsorbably sutrue is used for holding the cervix closed to prevent spontaneious abortion
dilation and curettage D&C
surgical procedure that widens the cervical canal so that the endometrium of the uterus can be scraped
hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy
surgical removal of a uterus, a fallopian tube and a ovary
lumpectomy
excision of a small primary breast tumor and some of the normal tissue around it
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
thym/o
thymus gland
thyr/o
throid gland
-dipsia
thrist
-trophy
development/nourishment
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ACTH Target Organ
Adrenal Cortex
ACTH function
promotes secretions of some hormones by adrenal cortex, esp cortisol
ACTH disorder
hyposecretion is rare
hypersecretion causes Cushing Disease
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
FSH Target Organ
Ovaries and Testes
FSH Function
stimulate egg production/increase estrogen
stimulate sperm prodction
FSH Disorder
Hyposecretion causes failure of sexual maturation
hypersecretion has no known effects
GH
Growth Hormone
Somatotropin
GH Target Organ
Bone cartilage, liver, muscle, and other tissues
GH function
stimulates somatic growth
GH Disorder
HYPO causes dwarfism
HYPER causes gigantism or acromeagaly
LH
luteninizing Hormone
LH Target Organ
Ovaries and Testies
LH Function
promotes ovulation, stiumlates estrogen and progesterone; in males promotion of testosterone
LH Disorders
HYPO failure of sexual maturation
HYPER No known effects
Prolactin Organ/function
Breast, promotes lactation
Prolactin Disorders
HYPO poor lactation
HYPER galactorhhea
TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
TSH organ
Thyroid gland
TSH function
stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone
TSH disorder
HYPO cretinism (infants) myxedema (adults) HYPER Graves Disease
ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone
ADH Target organ
Kidney
ADH function
increases water reabsorption
Oxytocin Organ and Function
Uterus-stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor
Breasts-promotes milk secretion from the mammary glands
Calcitonin
Regulates calcium levels. secreted when calcium levels are high
T4 and T3
Thyroxine and triiodothryronine
T4 and T3 functions
Increases energy production from all food types
increases rate of protein synthesis
Glucocorticoids
Body cells, promote gluconeogenesis, regulate metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats
Mineralocorticoids
Kidneys, increase blood levels of sodium and decrease blood levels of potassium
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
sympathetic nervous system increase metabolic rate and heart rate and raise blood pressure
cerebr/o
cerebrum
encephal
brain
gli/o
glue; neuroglial tissue
mening/o
meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)
meningi/o
meninges
myel/o
bone marrow
-paresis
partial paralysis
-phasia
speech
-plegia
paralysis
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
DM
diabetes mellitus
GH
growth hormone
HRT
Hormone Replacement threapy
CNS
central nervous system
LP
lumar puncture
CO
cardiac output
EEG
electroencephalogram
EMG
electromyography
AP
Anteroposterior
PA
posteroanterior
CT
computed tomography
Addison Disease
Uncommon chronic disorder caused by deficiency of cortical hormones that results when the adrenal cortex is damaged or atrophied
Cushing Syndrome
Cluster of symptoms cause by excessive amount of cortisol or ACTH in the blood
diabetes mellitus DM
chronic metabolic disorder of impaired carbohydrate, protein and fate metabolism due to insufficient production of insulin
Type 1 diabetes
ubrupt in onset, failure of pancreas to produce insulin
type 2 diabetes
gradual in onset, results from the deficiency in production of insulin or resistance to the action of insulin by the body’s cells
exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball
Graves disease
mulitsystem autoimmune disorder that involves growth of the thyroid associated with nypersecretion of thyroxine
insulinoma
tumor of the islets of langerhans
myxedema
advancded hypothroidism, causing edema and increased blood volume and increased blood pressure
obesity
20% or above ideal body weight
morbid obesity
BMI of 40 or greater (100+lbs over ideal)
panhypopituitarism
total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
pheochromocytoma
small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla
pituitarism
any disorder of the pituitary gland and its function
Alzheimer disease
chronic organic mental disorder that is a progressive form of a presenile dementia caused by atrophy of the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain
Epilepsy
disorder affecting the CNS that is characterized by recurring seizures
huntington Chorea
hereditary nervous disorder caused by the progressive loss of brain cells leading to bizarre involuntary dancelike movements
hydrocephalus
cranial enlargement caused by accumlation of fluid within the ventricles of the brain
MS multiple sclerosis
progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain, which produces weakness and other muscle symptoms
neuroblastoma
malignant tumor composed principally of cells resembling neuroblasts
palsy
partial or complete loss of motor function
Bell Palsy
facial paralysis on one side of the face because of inflammation of a facial nerve
cerebral palsy
bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can be hereditary
parkinson disease
progressive, degenerative neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain resposible for controlling movement
poliomyelitis
infammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus
sciatica
severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve
seizure
convulsion or other clinically detectable event caused by sudden discharge of electrical activity in the brain
spina bifida
congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete colosre of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and menninges may or may not protrude
transient ischemic attack
temporary interference with blood supply to the brain lasting fa few minutes to a few hours
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross sectional images of the body
RAIU Radio active Iodine Uptake Test
imagin procedure that measures levels of radioactivity in the thryroid after oral or IV administraion of a radioactive iodine
CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid analysis
CSF obtained via lumbar puncture is evaluated for clarity and color, cells and proteins
PET
Positron emission tomography
PET Positron emission tomography
Radiographic technique combining computer tomography with radio pharmaceuticals that produces a cross sectional image of the body to revel areas where the material is being metabolized vs deficiency of metabolized
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
craniotomy
surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain
thalamotomy
partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
oral administration or injection of synthetic hormones to correct a deficiency in such hormones
fasci/o
band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles
leiomy/o
smooth muscle
-asthenia
weakness, debility
-rrhaphy
suture
-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
Flexion/Extension
bending and extension of a limb
abduction/adduction
movement away from and toward body
rotation
circular movement around an axis
pronation/supination
turning had to a palm down or palm up position
dorsifilexion/plantar flexion
bending the foot or toes upward or downward
carp/o
carpus (wrist bones)
spondyl/o
vertebra
stern/o
sternum
calcane/o
calcaneum (heel bone)
cyst/o
Bladder
cystoscopy
visual examination of the urinary tract using a systoscope inserted through the urethra
vesic/o
bladder
EU
Excretory Urography
IVP
intravenous Pyelogram
IVU
Intravenous Urogram
PKD
Polycystic Kidney Disease
PSA
Prostate Specific Antigen
RP
Retrograde pyelography
TURP
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
UA
urinalysis
VCUG
Voiding Cystourethrogram; voiding cystourethrography
azoturia
increase of nitrogenous substances, especially urea, in urine
diuresis
Increased formation and secretion of urine
dysuria
painful or difficult urination, symptomatic of systitis and other urinary tract conditions
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Kidney disease that has advanced to the point that the KD can no longer adequately filter blood and requires dialysis or transplant. also called CRF chronic renal failure
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should be established, also called nocturnal enuresis
hypospadias
Abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis
interstitial nephritis
condition associated with pathological changes in the renal intersititial tissue that is due to a toxic agent.
renal hypertension
HB pressure that results from KD disease
Uremia
Elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, occurs in renal failure
Wilms tumor
Malignant neoplasm of the KD that occurs in young children, before age 5
BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen
Laboratory test that measures the amount of urea in the blood and demonstrates the KD ability to filter urea from the blood
CT Compute tomography
radiographic technique that uses a narrow beam of Xrays that rotates in a full arc to acquire multiple views of the body that a computer interprets to produce cross section images of that part
KUB Kidney, Ureter, Bladder
Radiographic examination to determine the location size shape and malformation of the KUB
Pyelography
radiographic study of the KD, Ureters and bladder after injection of a contrast agent
IVP Intravenous Pyelography
Radiographic imagin in which a contrast medium is injected intravenously and serial xray films are taken to provide visualization of entrie urinary tract
renal scan
Nuclear medicine imaging procedure that determines renal function and shape through measurement of a radioactive substance that is injected intravenously and concentrates in the KD
VCUG Voiding cystourethrography
Radiography of the BL and urethra after filly the bladder with a contrast medium and during the process of voiding urine
dialysis
mechanical filtering process used to cleanse blood of high concentrations of metabolic waste productes
hemodialysis
process of removing excess fluids and toxins from the blood by continually shunting the blood from the body into a dialysis machine for filtering, then returning the clean blood
peritoneal dialysis
Dialysis in which the patient’s own peritoneum is used as the dialyzing membrane
amni/o
amnion (amniotic sac)
amniocentesis
surgical puncture of the amniotic sac
cervicitis
inflammation of cervix uteri
colp/o
vagina
colposcopy
examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument
vagin/o
vagina
vaginocele
herniation into the vagina
galact/o
milk
galactorrhea
discharge or flow of milk
lact/o
milk
lactogen
production and secretion of milk
gynec/o
woman/female
hyster/o
uterus
uter/o
uterus
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
breast
men/o
menses, menstruation
metr/o
uterus; measure
endometritis
inflammation of the endomentrium
nat/o
birth
oophor/o
ovary
ovari/o
ovary
oophoroma
ovarian tumor
ovariorrhexis
rupture of an ovary
vulv/o
vulva
episi/o
vulva
-arche
benginning
menarche
initial menstrual period
-cyesis
pregnancy
-para
to bear (offspring)
-tocia
childbirth/labor
-version
turning
andr/o
male
balan/o
glans penis
gonad/o
gonads, sex glands
gonadotropin
hormone that stimulates the gonads
varic/o
dilated vein
varicocele
dialated or enlarged vein of the spermatic cord
vas/o
vessel; vas deferens; duct
vesicul/o
seminal vesicle
CS C-section
cesarean section
D&C
dialation and curettage
GYN
gynecology
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
IUD
intrauterine device
IVF
in vitro fertilization
LMP
last menstrual period
OCPs
oral contraceptive pills
Pap
Papanicolaou
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
PIH
pregnancy induced hypertension
TAH
total abdominal hysterectomy
TRAM
transverse rectus abdominis muscle
TVH
Total Vaginal Hysterectomy
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia
GU
Genitourinary
GC
Gonorrhea
cadidiasis
vaginal fungal infection caused by Candida ablicans; characterized by a curdy or cheeselike discharge and itching
cervicitis
inflammation of the uterine cervix
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of the fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity
endomentriosis
presence of endomentrial tissue outside the uterine cavity
fibroid
benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue
leukorrhea
which discharge from the vagina
oligomenorrhea
scanty or infrequent menstrual flow
PIH pregnancy induced hypertension
potentially life threatening; happens after week 20; edema and protein uria
pyosalpinx
pus in the fallopian tube
trichomoniasis
protozoal infestation of the vagina, urethra or prostate
anorchism
congenital absence of one or both testes
balanitis
inflammation of the skin covering the glas penis
cryptorchidism
failure of one or both testicles to descent
epispadias
congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis
hypospadias
Congenital defect in which the male urethra opens on undersurface of the penis
phimosis
stenosis or narrowness of the preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be pushed back
genital warts
warts in the genitalia caused by HPV
gonorrhea
contagious bacterial infection that most commonly affects the genitourinary tract and occasionally the pharynx or rectum
herpers genitalis
infection in females and males of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa with herpes virus type 2
syphilis
infections chronic STD characterized by lesions that change to a chancre and may involve any organ or tissue
amniocentesis
obstetric procedure that involves surgical puncture of the amniotic sac and under ultrasound guidance to remove amniotic fluid
hysterosalpingography
radiography of the uterus and oviducts after injection of a contrast medium
laparoscopy
visual exam of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall
mammography
radiography of breast
papanicolau PAP test
microscopic analysis of cells taken from the cervix and vaginal to detect the presence of cancer
Digital rectal examination DRE
examination of the prostate gland by finger palpation through the anal canal and rectum
Prostate specific antigen PSA test
blood test to screen for prostate cancer
cerclage
obstertic procedure in which a nonabsorbably sutrue is used for holding the cervix closed to prevent spontaneious abortion
dilation and curettage D&C
surgical procedure that widens the cervical canal so that the endometrium of the uterus can be scraped
hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy
surgical removal of a uterus, a fallopian tube and a ovary
lumpectomy
excision of a small primary breast tumor and some of the normal tissue around it
mastecomy
complete or partial excision of one or both breasts, most commonaly preformed to remove a malignant tumor
transurethral resection of the prostate TURP
surgical procedure to relieve obstruction casued by benign prostatic hyperplasia by insertion of a resctoscope into the penis and through the urethra to chip away at prostatic tissue
gonadotropin
hormonal preparation used to increase sperm count
-dipsia
thrist
-trophy
development/nourishment
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ACTH Target Organ
Adrenal Cortex
ACTH function
promotes secretions of some hormones by adrenal cortex, esp cortisol
ACTH disorder
hyposecretion is rare
hypersecretion causes Cushing Disease
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
FSH Target Organ
Ovaries and Testes
FSH Function
stimulate egg production/increase estrogen
stimulate sperm prodction
FSH Disorder
Hyposecretion causes failure of sexual maturation
hypersecretion has no known effects
GH
Growth Hormone
Somatotropin
GH Target Organ
Bone cartilage, liver, muscle, and other tissues
GH function
stimulates somatic growth
GH Disorder
HYPO causes dwarfism
HYPER causes gigantism or acromeagaly
LH
luteninizing Hormone
LH Target Organ
Ovaries and Testies
LH Function
promotes ovulation, stiumlates estrogen and progesterone; in males promotion of testosterone
LH Disorders
HYPO failure of sexual maturation
HYPER No known effects
Prolactin Organ/function
Breast, promotes lactation
Prolactin Disorders
HYPO poor lactation
HYPER galactorhhea
TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
TSH organ
Thyroid gland
TSH function
stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone
TSH disorder
HYPO cretinism (infants) myxedema (adults) HYPER Graves Disease
ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone
ADH Target organ
Kidney
ADH function
increases water reabsorption
Oxytocin Organ and Function
Uterus-stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor
Breasts-promotes milk secretion from the mammary glands
Calcitonin
Regulates calcium levels. secreted when calcium levels are high
T4 and T3
Thyroxine and triiodothryronine
T4 and T3 functions
Increases energy production from all food types
increases rate of protein synthesis
Glucocorticoids
Body cells, promote gluconeogenesis, regulate metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats
Mineralocorticoids
Kidneys, increase blood levels of sodium and decrease blood levels of potassium
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
sympathetic nervous system increase metabolic rate and heart rate and raise blood pressure
cerebr/o
cerebrum
encephal
brain
gli/o
glue; neuroglial tissue
mening/o
meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)
meningi/o
meninges
myel/o
bone marrow
neur/o
nerve
-paresis
partial paralysis
-phasia
speech
-plegia
paralysis
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
BG
Blood Glucose
BS
Blood sugar
GH
growth hormone
HRT
Hormone Replacement threapy
CNS
central nervous system
AP
Anteroposterior
PA
posteroanterior
Addison Disease
Uncommon chronic disorder caused by deficiency of cortical hormones that results when the adrenal cortex is damaged or atrophied
Cushing Syndrome
Cluster of symptoms cause by excessive amount of cortisol or ACTH in the blood
diabetes mellitus DM
chronic metabolic disorder of impaired carbohydrate, protein and fate metabolism due to insufficient production of insulin
Type 1 diabetes
ubrupt in onset, failure of pancreas to produce insulin
type 2 diabetes
gradual in onset, results from the deficiency in production of insulin or resistance to the action of insulin by the body’s cells
exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball
Graves disease
mulitsystem autoimmune disorder that involves growth of the thyroid associated with nypersecretion of thyroxine
insulinoma
tumor of the islets of langerhans
myxedema
advancded hypothroidism, causing edema and increased blood volume and increased blood pressure
obesity
20% or above ideal body weight
morbid obesity
BMI of 40 or greater (100+lbs over ideal)
panhypopituitarism
total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
pheochromocytoma
small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla
pituitarism
any disorder of the pituitary gland and its function
Alzheimer disease
chronic organic mental disorder that is a progressive form of a presenile dementia caused by atrophy of the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain
Epilepsy
disorder affecting the CNS that is characterized by recurring seizures
huntington Chorea
hereditary nervous disorder caused by the progressive loss of brain cells leading to bizarre involuntary dancelike movements
hydrocephalus
cranial enlargement caused by accumlation of fluid within the ventricles of the brain
MS multiple sclerosis
progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain, which produces weakness and other muscle symptoms
neuroblastoma
malignant tumor composed principally of cells resembling neuroblasts
palsy
partial or complete loss of motor function
Bell Palsy
facial paralysis on one side of the face because of inflammation of a facial nerve
cerebral palsy
bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can be hereditary
parkinson disease
progressive, degenerative neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain resposible for controlling movement
poliomyelitis
infammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus
seizure
convulsion or other clinically detectable event caused by sudden discharge of electrical activity in the brain
spina bifida
congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete colosre of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and menninges may or may not protrude
transient ischemic attack
temporary interference with blood supply to the brain lasting fa few minutes to a few hours
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross sectional images of the body
RAIU Radio active Iodine Uptake Test
imagin procedure that measures levels of radioactivity in the thryroid after oral or IV administraion of a radioactive iodine
CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid analysis
CSF obtained via lumbar puncture is evaluated for clarity and color, cells and proteins
lumbar puncture
insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column at the level of the fourth intervetebral space to withdraw cerebral spinal fluid
PET
Positron emission tomography
PET Positron emission tomography
Radiographic technique combining computer tomography with radio pharmaceuticals that produces a cross sectional image of the body to revel areas where the material is being metabolized vs deficiency of metabolized
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
craniotomy
surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain
thalamotomy
partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
oral administration or injection of synthetic hormones to correct a deficiency in such hormones
fasci/o
band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles
fibr/o
fiber
leiomy/o
smooth muscle
-asthenia
weakness, debility
-rrhaphy
suture
-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
Flexion/Extension
bending and extension of a limb
abduction/adduction
movement away from and toward body
rotation
circular movement around an axis
pronation/supination
turning had to a palm down or palm up position
dorsifilexion/plantar flexion
bending the foot or toes upward or downward
spondyl/o
vertebra
calcane/o
calcaneum (heel bone)
patell/o
kneecap/patella
radi/o
radiation, xray; radius lower arm bone, thumside)
tibi/o
tibia larger bone of lower leg
ankyl/o
stiffness, bent crooked
arthr/o
joint
chondr/o
cartilage
lamin/o
lamina
myel/o
bone marrow
-desis
binding, fixation
physis
growth
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrom
Orth, Ortho
orthopedics
THR
total hip replacement
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
muscular dystrophy
group of hereditary diseases characterized by gradual atrophy and weakness of muscle tissue
myasthenia gravis MG
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by severe muscular weakness and progressive fatigue
sprain
trauma to ta joint that causes injury to the surrounding ligament accompanied by pain and disability
strain
trauma to a muscle from over use or excessive forcible stretch
talipes equinovarus
congenital deformity of the food also called club foot
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
torticollis
spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles causing stiffness and twisting of the neck, wryneck
CTS carpal tunnel syndrome
pain or numbness resulting from compression of the medial nerve within the carpal tunnel
contracture
fibroisis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
crepitation
grating sound made by the movement of bone ends rubbing together
Ewing Sarcoma
malignant tumor that develops from bone marrow, usually in long bones or the pelvis
gout
hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints
herniated disk
herniation or rupture of the nucleus pulposus between two vertebrae
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density with an increase in porosity causing bones to become brittle and increasing the risk of fractures
Paget Disease
skeletal disease affecting elderly people that causes chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones and bowing of long bones
RA
chronic systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple joints
subluxation
partial or complete disclocation
sequestrum
fragment of a necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin that firsts affects the spine and characterized by fusion and loss of mobility of two or more vertebrae
kyphosis
increased curvature of the throacic region of the vertebral column, leading to ta humpback posture; also called hunchback
lordosis
forward curature of the lumbar region, leads to swayback
scoliosis
abnormal sideward curvature of the spine
spondylolisthesis
partical forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one below it
arthrocentesis
puncture of a joint space with a needle to remover fluid
rheunmatoid factor
blood test to detect the presence of the rheumatiod factor
arthroplasty
surgical reconstruction of a painful degenerated joint to restore movement
blephar/o
eyelid
conjuctive/o
conjuctiva
choroid/o
choroid
corne/o
cornea
cor/o
pupil
core/o
pupil
pupill/o
pupil
dacry/o
tear, lacrimal apparatus
dlacrim/o
tear, lacrimal apparatus
dipl/o
double
irid/o
iris
kerat/o
horny tissue; hard; cornea
ocul/o
eye
ophthalm/o
eye
opt/o
eye, vision
retin/o
retina
scler/o
hardening; sclera
opia
vision
opsia
vision
-ptosis
prolapse, downward displacement
-tropia
turning
acous/o
hearing
audi/o
hearing
myring/o
tympanic membrane (ear drum)
typman/0
ear drum
ot/o
ear
salping/o
tube
-acusis
hearing
achromatopsia
congenital deficiency in color preception/ color blindness
astigmatism
defective curvature of the cornea and lens
cataract
degenerative disease in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively cloudy
conjunctiveitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva that can be cause by bacteria, allergy, irritation or a foreign body; pinkeye
diabetic retinopathy
retinal damage marked by aneurysmal dilation and bleeding of blood vessels or the formation of new blood vessels causing visual changes.
glaucoma
condition in which the aqueous humor fails to drain and accumulates in the anterior chamber of the eye causing evlevated pressure
hordeloum
small purulent inflammatory infection of a sebacceous gland of the eyelid; sty
macular degeneration
breakdown of the tissues in the macula, resuling in a loss of central vision
photophobia
unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light
strabismus
muscular eye disorder in which the eyes turn from the normal position so that they can deviate in different directions
acoustic neuroma
benign tumor that develops from the 8th CN and grows within the auditory canal
Meniere Disease
rare disorder of unknown etiology within the labyrinth of the inner ear that can lead to a progressive loss of hearing
Otitis media (OM)
inflammation of the middle ear
otosclerosis
progressive deafness due to ossification in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
tinnitus
ringing in the ear
tonometry
procedure used to detect glaucoma
visual acuity test
standard eye test
audiometry
test that measures hearing acuity at various frequencies
otoscopy
visual exam of the external auditory canal and ear drum
Rinne Test
Hearing test performed with a vibrating tuning fork
radi/o
radiation, xray; radius lower arm bone, thumside)
ankyl/o
stiffness, bent crooked
arthr/o
joint
chondr/o
cartilage
lamin/o
lamina
myel/o
bone marrow
orth/o
straight
physis
growth
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
muscular dystrophy
group of hereditary diseases characterized by gradual atrophy and weakness of muscle tissue
myasthenia gravis MG
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by severe muscular weakness and progressive fatigue
rotator cuff injuries
injuries to the capsule of the shoulder joint which is reinforced by muscles and tendons
sprain
trauma to ta joint that causes injury to the surrounding ligament accompanied by pain and disability
strain
trauma to a muscle from over use or excessive forcible stretch
talipes equinovarus
congenital deformity of the food also called club foot
torticollis
spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles causing stiffness and twisting of the neck, wryneck
CTS carpal tunnel syndrome
pain or numbness resulting from compression of the medial nerve within the carpal tunnel
contracture
fibroisis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
crepitation
grating sound made by the movement of bone ends rubbing together
Ewing Sarcoma
malignant tumor that develops from bone marrow, usually in long bones or the pelvis
gout
hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints
herniated disk
herniation or rupture of the nucleus pulposus between two vertebrae
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density with an increase in porosity causing bones to become brittle and increasing the risk of fractures
Paget Disease
skeletal disease affecting elderly people that causes chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones and bowing of long bones
RA
chronic systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple joints
subluxation
partial or complete disclocation
sequestrum
fragment of a necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin that firsts affects the spine and characterized by fusion and loss of mobility of two or more vertebrae
kyphosis
increased curvature of the throacic region of the vertebral column, leading to ta humpback posture; also called hunchback
lordosis
forward curature of the lumbar region, leads to swayback
scoliosis
abnormal sideward curvature of the spine
spondylolisthesis
partical forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one below it
arthrocentesis
puncture of a joint space with a needle to remover fluid
rheunmatoid factor
blood test to detect the presence of the rheumatiod factor
arthroplasty
surgical reconstruction of a painful degenerated joint to restore movement
blephar/o
eyelid
conjuctive/o
conjuctiva
choroid/o
choroid
corne/o
cornea
cor/o
pupil
core/o
pupil
dacry/o
tear, lacrimal apparatus
dlacrim/o
tear, lacrimal apparatus
dipl/o
double
irid/o
iris
kerat/o
horny tissue; hard; cornea
ocul/o
eye
ophthalm/o
eye
opt/o
eye, vision
retin/o
retina
scler/o
hardening; sclera
opia
vision
opsia
vision
-ptosis
prolapse, downward displacement
-tropia
turning
acous/o
hearing
audi/o
hearing
audit/o
hearing
myring/o
tympanic membrane (ear drum)
typman/0
ear drum
ot/o
ear
salping/o
tube
-acusis
hearing
achromatopsia
congenital deficiency in color preception/ color blindness
astigmatism
defective curvature of the cornea and lens
cataract
degenerative disease in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively cloudy
conjunctiveitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva that can be cause by bacteria, allergy, irritation or a foreign body; pinkeye
diabetic retinopathy
retinal damage marked by aneurysmal dilation and bleeding of blood vessels or the formation of new blood vessels causing visual changes.
glaucoma
condition in which the aqueous humor fails to drain and accumulates in the anterior chamber of the eye causing evlevated pressure
hordeloum
small purulent inflammatory infection of a sebacceous gland of the eyelid; sty
macular degeneration
breakdown of the tissues in the macula, resuling in a loss of central vision
photophobia
unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light
retinal detachment
separation of the retina from the choroid which disrupts vision and results in blindness if not repaired
strabismus
muscular eye disorder in which the eyes turn from the normal position so that they can deviate in different directions
acoustic neuroma
benign tumor that develops from the 8th CN and grows within the auditory canal
hearing loss
decreased ability to perceive sounds compared to what the individual or examiner would regard as normal
Meniere Disease
rare disorder of unknown etiology within the labyrinth of the inner ear that can lead to a progressive loss of hearing
Otitis media (OM)
inflammation of the middle ear
otosclerosis
progressive deafness due to ossification in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
presbycusis
impairment of hearing that results from the aging process
tonometry
procedure used to detect glaucoma
visual acuity test
standard eye test
audiometry
test that measures hearing acuity at various frequencies
otoscopy
visual exam of the external auditory canal and ear drum
Rinne Test
Hearing test performed with a vibrating tuning fork
