A&P Final Flashcards
1
Q
Endocrine glands secrete chemicals called
A
hormones
2
Q
Endocrine glands are
A
ductless
3
Q
Hormones secreted by endocrine glands are secreted where
A
directly into capillaries
4
Q
VOCAB: Target Organs/Target Tissue
A
Organs or tissues “targeted” by hormones which then have specific effects on the “targets”
5
Q
3 groups of hormones
A
amines, proteins and steroids
6
Q
When are hormones secreted?
A
When there is a need for them
7
Q
Cells in the endocrine glands respond to what?
A
changes in blood or to other hormones in blood
8
Q
VOCAB: negative feedback mechanism
A
information about the hormonal effects is “fed back” to the gland, which then DECREASES (negative) the secretion of the hormone
9
Q
VOCAB:
Hypophysis is AKA
A
pituitary gland
10
Q
VOCAB:
Infundibulum
A
short stalk that the pituitary gland hangs from the hypothalamus
11
Q
VOCAB:
neurohypophysis
A
posterior pituitary
12
Q
VOCAB
adenohypophysis
A
anterior pituitary
13
Q
ADH
A
antidiruetic hormone produced by hypothalamus and stored/released by posterior pituitary
14
Q
oxytocin
A
produced by the hypothalamus and stored/released by the posterior pituitary
15
Q
ADH is AKA
A
vasopressin
16
Q
VOCAB
Milk Let Down reflex is caused by:
A
release of oxytocin which stiumlates the contraction of smooth muscle around mammary glands
17
Q
Growth Hormone is AKA
A
somatotropin
18
Q
What promotes growth indirectly by increasing the transport of amino acids into the cells, increasing the rate of protein sysnthesis
A
Growth Hormone
19
Q
What stimulates cell division in tissues capable of mitosis
A
Growth Hormone
20
Q
VOCAB:
TSH is AKA and is defined how?
A
thyrotropin. Target organ is the thyroid gland and then it stimulates normal growth of thyroid and secretion of T4 and T3
21
Q
ACTH is AKA
A
adrenocorticotropic Hormone
22
Q
What does ACTH do
A
stimulates secretion of cortisol by adrenal cortex and is produced in any physiological stress situation
23
Q
VOCAB
Hypoglycemia
A
deficiency of glucose in the blood stream
24
Q
Responsible for lactation
A
Prolactin
25
Gonadotopic hormone that stimulates follicles
FSH aka Follicle Stimulating Hormone
26
Gonadotropic hormone responsible for ovulation
Luteninizing hormone
27
VOCAB
| Isthmus
middle connection piece of thyroid gland
28
What produces T4 and T3
Thyroid follicles
29
Iodine is required for synthesis of T4 and T3
| True or False
True
30
T4 and T3 do what
increase cell respiration of all food types and increase energy and heat production
31
True or False
| T4 and T3 are essential for normal physical growth, normal mental development and maturation of reproductive system
TRUE
32
Secretion of T3 is by
stimulation of TSH from anterior pituitary gland
33
Decresases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood
Calcitonin
34
VOCAB
| Hypercalcemia
The presence of abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood; usually the result of excessive bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism
35
Parathyroid gland produces
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
36
Parathyroid hormone
increases reabsorption of Ca and phosphate thereby raising their level
37
Calacitonin and Parathyroid hormone work together to
maintain blood calcium at normal range
38
VOCAB
| Islets of Langerhans
hormone producing cells in the pancreas
39
Alpha cells produce
glucagon
40
beta cells produce
insulin
41
Both alpha and beta cells are part of
Islets of Langrehans in the pancreas
42
VOCAB
| glycogenolysis
glycogen to glucose breakdown
43
VOCAB
| gluconeogenesis
making new glucose
44
Increases the transport of glucose from blood into cells increasing the permeability of cell membranes to glucose
Insulin
45
VOCAB
| glycogenesis
glycogen production
46
Insulin secretion is stiumlated by
hyperglycemia
47
VOCAB
| Delta Cells
produce somatostatin, which inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon
48
Adrenal Glands aka
suprarenal glands
49
2 parts of adrenal glands
inner adrenal medulla and outer cortex
50
VOCAB
| Catecholamines
neruotransmitter that has an effect on the sympathetic nervous system
51
Epinepherine and Norepinephrine are produced where
adrenal glands
52
Norepinephrine significant function
vasoconstriction in the skin, viscera and skeletal muscles (raises BP)
53
Epinepherine
increases HR, increases the use of fats for energy and increases the rate of cell respiration
54
Adrenal Cortex secrete what 3 types of steroid ormones
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones
55
VOCAB
| Mineralocorticoids
A corticosteroid, such as aldosterone, that is involved with maintaining the salt balance in the body.
56
VOCAB
| glucocorticoids
any of the group of corticosteroids predominantly involved in carbohydrate metabolism
57
Most abundant mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone
58
Aldosterone does what
targets KD and increases re-absorption of sodium and excretion of potassium
59
Most important glucocorticoid
Cortisol
60
Cortisol is an
inflammatory
61
Benefit of estrogen
lowers blood levels of cholesterol and TG
62
promotes the storage of glycogen and further growth of blood vessels in the endometrium
progesterone
63
2 hormones secreted by the placenta
progesterone and estrogen
64
secreted by the corpus luteum
Inhibin
65
2 hormones secreted by testes
testosterone and inhibin
66
Secreted by the substentacular cells of the testes
Inhibin
67
Inhibin function
decrease secretion of FSH
68
What performs all of the digestive functions: ingests, digests, absorbs and defecates?
Alimentary canal (GI tract)
69
Pharynx is subdivided into what?
nosopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
70
Walls of the esophagus and stomach are made up of what 4 layers
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa
71
Chemical break down of proteins begins where
Stomach
72
Chief cells produce what?
pepsinogen which is a protein digesting enzyme
73
Mucosa is made up of
mucus cells that produce protective layer of bicarbonate rich alkaline mucosa that protects the stomach
74
Most digestive activity takes place...
in the pyloric region
75
Define chyme
what food turns into after processed in the ST
76
Body's major digestive organ
Small intestine
77
Small Intestine length
7-13 feet
78
Major function of the Large Intestine
dry out indigestible food residue and eliminate residue from body as feces
79
Subdivisions of the large intestine
cecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal
80
Largest gland in the body
Liver
81
VOCAB
| Monosaccharides
Simple Sugars
82
3 simple sugars in our diet
glucose
fructose
galactose
83
sucrose, lactose and maltose are
double sugars or disaccharides
84
starch is a
polysaccharide
85
proteins are digested to
amino acids
86
what 2 different types of building blocks come from the digestion of lipids
fatty acids and alcohol (glycerol)
87
mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors are stiumulated by
stretch of an organ by food, pH of contents and presence of certain break down products of digestion
88
both mechanical and chemical digestion begins where
in the mouth
89
salivary amylase does what
begins the digestion of startch
90
Delutition is another word for
swallowing
91
2 phases of swallowing
buccal phase and pharyngeal esophageal phase
92
food in the stomach and a rise in pH will stimulate the secretion of what
gastrin
93
bile is needed for absorption of what vitamins
ADEK (fat soluble)
94
How many digestive enzymes in colon
NONE
95
Vitamins K and B are made
by some of the bacteria in the Large Intestine
96
Haustral contractions do what and last how long
last 1 minute every 30 minutes and move feces through the LI
97
Location of Kidneys
extend from T12-L3
98
Kidneys sit atop
adrenal glands
99
outer region of Kidney
renal cortex
100
deeper to cortex part of kidney (darker)
renal medula
101
found inside the renal medulla
renal/medullary pyramids
102
Define calyces
extensions of the pelvis and form cup shaped areas that enclose tips of pyramids
103
Calyx function?
collecturine
104
The functional unit of KD integral to urine formation
Nephron
105
Glomerulus
network of capillaries bunched in the cup, with both ends of the capillary connected to a vessel to bring blood to the cup and take blood from the bapillaries
106
Blood in the afferent arterioles comes from
renal artery
107
Renal arteries deliver _______ cardiac ouput
20-25%
108
the arterial supply for the KD is the _____ and it arises from ______
renal artery, abdominal aorta
109
Blood pressure regulating substance released by the kidneys
renin
110
Three process for urine formation
glomerular filtration, tubular absorption and tubular secretion
111
A nonselective passive process in which fluid passes from blood into glomerular capsule
glomerular
112
Urine formation 3 processes
glomerular filtration
tubular absorption
tubular secretion
113
Glomerular filtration
nonselective passive process in which fluid passes from blood into glomerular capsule part of renal tubule
114
Tubular reabsorption begins
as soon as filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule
115
tubular cells are
transporters
116
Nigrogenous wastes include
urea
uric acid
creatinine
various ions
117
process important for getting rid of substances not already in filtrate
Tubular secretion
118
Filtrate
essentially blood plasma with out blood proteins and very little water
119
urine is different from
Filtrate
120
urine contains
nigtrogenous wastes and unneeded stubstance
121
Urine pH
slightly acidic around 6
122
Ureters
passageways that cart urine from KD to BL
123
Trigone
smooth triangular region of the BL base outlined by three openings
124
Trigone important because?
infections tend to persist in this area
125
Micturition is
the act of emptying the bladder
126
blood composition depends on 3 major factors
diet, cellular metabolism and urine output
127
Major roles of KD
excretion of nitrogenous waste
maintaining water and electrolyte balance of blood
ensuring proper blood pH
128
2/3 of body fluid is
Intracellular fluid
129
1/3 body fluid is
extracellular fluid
130
Three phases of menstruation
Menstrual, proliferative and secretory
131
Day one is
the day of menstruation
132
Day 28 is
the day before menstruation
133
Define Menstruation
the vaginal bleeding that occurs with the shedding of part of the inner lining of the uterus
134
VOCAB
| proliferative phase
Days 5-14 during which the endomentrium rapidly increases in thickness and the uterine glands lengthen
135
Volume of blood in menses
up to 80ml
136
Little chance of conception
before day 9 and after day 20
137
Secretory phase
Days 14-48, secretions become thicker and ovulation happens
138
VOCAB
| rete testis
tubules that the semininferous tubes empty sperm into, then sperm travels to the epididymis
139
VOCAB
| Epididymis
first part of the duct system in the testes that transports sperm
140
Accessory organs of the male ducal system
epididymis, ductus deferens and urethra
141
Sperm take ? days to mature
20
142
main function of Ductus Deferns
propel live sperm from storage sites into the urethra
143
Urethra extends from where to where
base of the bladder to the tip of the penis
144
3 segments of the urethra
prostatic urethra, membranous urethra and the penile urethra
145
Define perineum
the area between the anus and the scrotum or vulva
146
VOCAB
| Spermatogenesis
Formation process of sperm
147
VOCAB
| Spermiogenesis
Final stage of sperm formation
148
Finger like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes
Fimbriae
149
Anteflexed
upper portion of Uterus bent forward
150
Define peritoneum
The serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organ
151
The part of the body of the uterus above the attachment of the uterine tubes is known as
the Fundus
152
Part of the vagina surrounding the cervix
Fornix
153
Define Corpus Luteum
ruptured follicle after ovulation
154
Define fertilzation
fusion of sperm and ova to form a zygote
155
Define acrosomal cap
head of sperm containing enzymes required for penetration of outer layer of ova
156
Time spent in prenatal development
Gestation
157
First Trimester
12 weeks
158
fertilized mass of cells (4+ days after fertilization)
Blastocyst
159
2 umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein
umbilical cord
160
Placenta secretes
HCG, prolactin, relaxin, estrogen and progesterone
161
start of 3rd week to the end of the 8th week
embryonic period
162
define embryo
developing organsim during the embryonic period
163
expulsion of baby
parturition
164
3 stages of labor
dilation, expulsion and placental
165
the uterus reduces in size and the placenta separates from the uterine wall to be expelled as afterbirth during the
placental phase
166
cessation of menstration for 1 year with NO spotting, OR surgical removal of ovaries
menopause
167
Premenopausal
8% of women before age 40
