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TCM > A&P Final > Flashcards

A&P Final Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands secrete chemicals called

A

hormones

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2
Q

Endocrine glands are

A

ductless

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3
Q

Hormones secreted by endocrine glands are secreted where

A

directly into capillaries

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4
Q

VOCAB: Target Organs/Target Tissue

A

Organs or tissues “targeted” by hormones which then have specific effects on the “targets”

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5
Q

3 groups of hormones

A

amines, proteins and steroids

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6
Q

When are hormones secreted?

A

When there is a need for them

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7
Q

Cells in the endocrine glands respond to what?

A

changes in blood or to other hormones in blood

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8
Q

VOCAB: negative feedback mechanism

A

information about the hormonal effects is “fed back” to the gland, which then DECREASES (negative) the secretion of the hormone

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9
Q

VOCAB:

Hypophysis is AKA

A

pituitary gland

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10
Q

VOCAB:

Infundibulum

A

short stalk that the pituitary gland hangs from the hypothalamus

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11
Q

VOCAB:

neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary

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12
Q

VOCAB

adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary

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13
Q

ADH

A

antidiruetic hormone produced by hypothalamus and stored/released by posterior pituitary

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14
Q

oxytocin

A

produced by the hypothalamus and stored/released by the posterior pituitary

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15
Q

ADH is AKA

A

vasopressin

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16
Q

VOCAB

Milk Let Down reflex is caused by:

A

release of oxytocin which stiumlates the contraction of smooth muscle around mammary glands

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17
Q

Growth Hormone is AKA

A

somatotropin

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18
Q

What promotes growth indirectly by increasing the transport of amino acids into the cells, increasing the rate of protein sysnthesis

A

Growth Hormone

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19
Q

What stimulates cell division in tissues capable of mitosis

A

Growth Hormone

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20
Q

VOCAB:

TSH is AKA and is defined how?

A

thyrotropin. Target organ is the thyroid gland and then it stimulates normal growth of thyroid and secretion of T4 and T3

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21
Q

ACTH is AKA

A

adrenocorticotropic Hormone

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22
Q

What does ACTH do

A

stimulates secretion of cortisol by adrenal cortex and is produced in any physiological stress situation

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23
Q

VOCAB

Hypoglycemia

A

deficiency of glucose in the blood stream

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24
Q

Responsible for lactation

A

Prolactin

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25
Q

Gonadotopic hormone that stimulates follicles

A

FSH aka Follicle Stimulating Hormone

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26
Q

Gonadotropic hormone responsible for ovulation

A

Luteninizing hormone

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27
Q

VOCAB

Isthmus

A

middle connection piece of thyroid gland

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28
Q

What produces T4 and T3

A

Thyroid follicles

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29
Q

Iodine is required for synthesis of T4 and T3

True or False

A

True

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30
Q

T4 and T3 do what

A

increase cell respiration of all food types and increase energy and heat production

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31
Q

True or False

T4 and T3 are essential for normal physical growth, normal mental development and maturation of reproductive system

A

TRUE

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32
Q

Secretion of T3 is by

A

stimulation of TSH from anterior pituitary gland

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33
Q

Decresases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood

A

Calcitonin

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34
Q

VOCAB

Hypercalcemia

A

The presence of abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood; usually the result of excessive bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism

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35
Q

Parathyroid gland produces

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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36
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

increases reabsorption of Ca and phosphate thereby raising their level

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37
Q

Calacitonin and Parathyroid hormone work together to

A

maintain blood calcium at normal range

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38
Q

VOCAB

Islets of Langerhans

A

hormone producing cells in the pancreas

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39
Q

Alpha cells produce

A

glucagon

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40
Q

beta cells produce

A

insulin

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41
Q

Both alpha and beta cells are part of

A

Islets of Langrehans in the pancreas

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42
Q

VOCAB

glycogenolysis

A

glycogen to glucose breakdown

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43
Q

VOCAB

gluconeogenesis

A

making new glucose

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44
Q

Increases the transport of glucose from blood into cells increasing the permeability of cell membranes to glucose

A

Insulin

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45
Q

VOCAB

glycogenesis

A

glycogen production

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46
Q

Insulin secretion is stiumlated by

A

hyperglycemia

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47
Q

VOCAB

Delta Cells

A

produce somatostatin, which inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

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48
Q

Adrenal Glands aka

A

suprarenal glands

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49
Q

2 parts of adrenal glands

A

inner adrenal medulla and outer cortex

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50
Q

VOCAB

Catecholamines

A

neruotransmitter that has an effect on the sympathetic nervous system

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51
Q

Epinepherine and Norepinephrine are produced where

A

adrenal glands

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52
Q

Norepinephrine significant function

A

vasoconstriction in the skin, viscera and skeletal muscles (raises BP)

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53
Q

Epinepherine

A

increases HR, increases the use of fats for energy and increases the rate of cell respiration

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54
Q

Adrenal Cortex secrete what 3 types of steroid ormones

A

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones

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55
Q

VOCAB

Mineralocorticoids

A

A corticosteroid, such as aldosterone, that is involved with maintaining the salt balance in the body.

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56
Q

VOCAB

glucocorticoids

A

any of the group of corticosteroids predominantly involved in carbohydrate metabolism

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57
Q

Most abundant mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone

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58
Q

Aldosterone does what

A

targets KD and increases re-absorption of sodium and excretion of potassium

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59
Q

Most important glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

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60
Q

Cortisol is an

A

inflammatory

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61
Q

Benefit of estrogen

A

lowers blood levels of cholesterol and TG

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62
Q

promotes the storage of glycogen and further growth of blood vessels in the endometrium

A

progesterone

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63
Q

2 hormones secreted by the placenta

A

progesterone and estrogen

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64
Q

secreted by the corpus luteum

A

Inhibin

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65
Q

2 hormones secreted by testes

A

testosterone and inhibin

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66
Q

Secreted by the substentacular cells of the testes

A

Inhibin

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67
Q

Inhibin function

A

decrease secretion of FSH

68
Q

What performs all of the digestive functions: ingests, digests, absorbs and defecates?

A

Alimentary canal (GI tract)

69
Q

Pharynx is subdivided into what?

A

nosopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

70
Q

Walls of the esophagus and stomach are made up of what 4 layers

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

71
Q

Chemical break down of proteins begins where

A

Stomach

72
Q

Chief cells produce what?

A

pepsinogen which is a protein digesting enzyme

73
Q

Mucosa is made up of

A

mucus cells that produce protective layer of bicarbonate rich alkaline mucosa that protects the stomach

74
Q

Most digestive activity takes place…

A

in the pyloric region

75
Q

Define chyme

A

what food turns into after processed in the ST

76
Q

Body’s major digestive organ

A

Small intestine

77
Q

Small Intestine length

A

7-13 feet

78
Q

Major function of the Large Intestine

A

dry out indigestible food residue and eliminate residue from body as feces

79
Q

Subdivisions of the large intestine

A

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal

80
Q

Largest gland in the body

A

Liver

81
Q

VOCAB

Monosaccharides

A

Simple Sugars

82
Q

3 simple sugars in our diet

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

83
Q

sucrose, lactose and maltose are

A

double sugars or disaccharides

84
Q

starch is a

A

polysaccharide

85
Q

proteins are digested to

A

amino acids

86
Q

what 2 different types of building blocks come from the digestion of lipids

A

fatty acids and alcohol (glycerol)

87
Q

mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors are stiumulated by

A

stretch of an organ by food, pH of contents and presence of certain break down products of digestion

88
Q

both mechanical and chemical digestion begins where

A

in the mouth

89
Q

salivary amylase does what

A

begins the digestion of startch

90
Q

Delutition is another word for

A

swallowing

91
Q

2 phases of swallowing

A

buccal phase and pharyngeal esophageal phase

92
Q

food in the stomach and a rise in pH will stimulate the secretion of what

A

gastrin

93
Q

bile is needed for absorption of what vitamins

A

ADEK (fat soluble)

94
Q

How many digestive enzymes in colon

A

NONE

95
Q

Vitamins K and B are made

A

by some of the bacteria in the Large Intestine

96
Q

Haustral contractions do what and last how long

A

last 1 minute every 30 minutes and move feces through the LI

97
Q

Location of Kidneys

A

extend from T12-L3

98
Q

Kidneys sit atop

A

adrenal glands

99
Q

outer region of Kidney

A

renal cortex

100
Q

deeper to cortex part of kidney (darker)

A

renal medula

101
Q

found inside the renal medulla

A

renal/medullary pyramids

102
Q

Define calyces

A

extensions of the pelvis and form cup shaped areas that enclose tips of pyramids

103
Q

Calyx function?

A

collecturine

104
Q

The functional unit of KD integral to urine formation

A

Nephron

105
Q

Glomerulus

A

network of capillaries bunched in the cup, with both ends of the capillary connected to a vessel to bring blood to the cup and take blood from the bapillaries

106
Q

Blood in the afferent arterioles comes from

A

renal artery

107
Q

Renal arteries deliver _______ cardiac ouput

A

20-25%

108
Q

the arterial supply for the KD is the _____ and it arises from ______

A

renal artery, abdominal aorta

109
Q

Blood pressure regulating substance released by the kidneys

A

renin

110
Q

Three process for urine formation

A

glomerular filtration, tubular absorption and tubular secretion

111
Q

A nonselective passive process in which fluid passes from blood into glomerular capsule

A

glomerular

112
Q

Urine formation 3 processes

A

glomerular filtration
tubular absorption
tubular secretion

113
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

nonselective passive process in which fluid passes from blood into glomerular capsule part of renal tubule

114
Q

Tubular reabsorption begins

A

as soon as filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule

115
Q

tubular cells are

A

transporters

116
Q

Nigrogenous wastes include

A

urea
uric acid
creatinine
various ions

117
Q

process important for getting rid of substances not already in filtrate

A

Tubular secretion

118
Q

Filtrate

A

essentially blood plasma with out blood proteins and very little water

119
Q

urine is different from

A

Filtrate

120
Q

urine contains

A

nigtrogenous wastes and unneeded stubstance

121
Q

Urine pH

A

slightly acidic around 6

122
Q

Ureters

A

passageways that cart urine from KD to BL

123
Q

Trigone

A

smooth triangular region of the BL base outlined by three openings

124
Q

Trigone important because?

A

infections tend to persist in this area

125
Q

Micturition is

A

the act of emptying the bladder

126
Q

blood composition depends on 3 major factors

A

diet, cellular metabolism and urine output

127
Q

Major roles of KD

A

excretion of nitrogenous waste
maintaining water and electrolyte balance of blood
ensuring proper blood pH

128
Q

2/3 of body fluid is

A

Intracellular fluid

129
Q

1/3 body fluid is

A

extracellular fluid

130
Q

Three phases of menstruation

A

Menstrual, proliferative and secretory

131
Q

Day one is

A

the day of menstruation

132
Q

Day 28 is

A

the day before menstruation

133
Q

Define Menstruation

A

the vaginal bleeding that occurs with the shedding of part of the inner lining of the uterus

134
Q

VOCAB

proliferative phase

A

Days 5-14 during which the endomentrium rapidly increases in thickness and the uterine glands lengthen

135
Q

Volume of blood in menses

A

up to 80ml

136
Q

Little chance of conception

A

before day 9 and after day 20

137
Q

Secretory phase

A

Days 14-48, secretions become thicker and ovulation happens

138
Q

VOCAB

rete testis

A

tubules that the semininferous tubes empty sperm into, then sperm travels to the epididymis

139
Q

VOCAB

Epididymis

A

first part of the duct system in the testes that transports sperm

140
Q

Accessory organs of the male ducal system

A

epididymis, ductus deferens and urethra

141
Q

Sperm take ? days to mature

A

20

142
Q

main function of Ductus Deferns

A

propel live sperm from storage sites into the urethra

143
Q

Urethra extends from where to where

A

base of the bladder to the tip of the penis

144
Q

3 segments of the urethra

A

prostatic urethra, membranous urethra and the penile urethra

145
Q

Define perineum

A

the area between the anus and the scrotum or vulva

146
Q

VOCAB

Spermatogenesis

A

Formation process of sperm

147
Q

VOCAB

Spermiogenesis

A

Final stage of sperm formation

148
Q

Finger like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes

A

Fimbriae

149
Q

Anteflexed

A

upper portion of Uterus bent forward

150
Q

Define peritoneum

A

The serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organ

151
Q

The part of the body of the uterus above the attachment of the uterine tubes is known as

A

the Fundus

152
Q

Part of the vagina surrounding the cervix

A

Fornix

153
Q

Define Corpus Luteum

A

ruptured follicle after ovulation

154
Q

Define fertilzation

A

fusion of sperm and ova to form a zygote

155
Q

Define acrosomal cap

A

head of sperm containing enzymes required for penetration of outer layer of ova

156
Q

Time spent in prenatal development

A

Gestation

157
Q

First Trimester

A

12 weeks

158
Q

fertilized mass of cells (4+ days after fertilization)

A

Blastocyst

159
Q

2 umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein

A

umbilical cord

160
Q

Placenta secretes

A

HCG, prolactin, relaxin, estrogen and progesterone

161
Q

start of 3rd week to the end of the 8th week

A

embryonic period

162
Q

define embryo

A

developing organsim during the embryonic period

163
Q

expulsion of baby

A

parturition

164
Q

3 stages of labor

A

dilation, expulsion and placental

165
Q

the uterus reduces in size and the placenta separates from the uterine wall to be expelled as afterbirth during the

A

placental phase

166
Q

cessation of menstration for 1 year with NO spotting, OR surgical removal of ovaries

A

menopause

167
Q

Premenopausal

A

8% of women before age 40

TCM (12 decks)

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