Mechanical Ventilation Flashcards
What is Tidal Volume?
Tidal Volume (Vt) is the volume o air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath.
Average: 7 - 8 ml/kg
What is Minute Ventilation?
Minute Ventilation (Ve) is the amount of air expired per minute
Formula: RR + TV
Average: +/- 100mL/kg/min of Ideal Body Weight (IBW)
______ is the volume o air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath.
Tidal Volume (Vt) is the volume o air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath.
Average: 7 - 8 ml/kg
__________ is the volume measured air returned from a ventilated patient
should closely match Tidal Volume (Vt)
Exhaled Tidal Volume (Vte) is the volume measured air returned from a ventilated patient
should closely match Tidal Volume (Vt)
What in Functional Residual Capacity?
Functional Residual Capacity is the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a standard expiration.
Formula: rV + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
+/- 2L in an adult
________ is the amount of air forced out of the lungs after a maximal respiration.
Average: 4.6 4.8 Liters
Vital Capacity (VC) is the amount of air forced out of the lungs after a maximal respiration.
Average: 4.6 4.8 Liters
A patient with the inability to maintain an inspiratory force of -20 cmH20 is a candidate for:
Mechanical Ventilation
_______ is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration.
Residual Volume (rV) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration.
Average: +/- 1L in an adult
________ is the volume of air that is involved in alveolar gas exchange
Average: 350 mL
Alveolar Ventilation (Va) is the volume of air that is involved in alveolar gas exchange
Average: 350 mL
Which ventilator uses small Vt (1 - 3 mL/kg)?
High Frequency Ventilators
** uses frequencies of > 100 BPM **
What is the normal range value for the BiPAP Pressure Support (PS)?
Pressure Support (PS) = Ventilation
5 - 20 cmH2O
What is the definition of Controlled Mandatory Ventilation mode?
Controlled Mandatory Ventilation (CMV) mode
Preset volume delivered at a preset rate
** ex: 400 mL breaths at a rate of 12 per minute **
Which Positive Pressure Ventilator terminates the inspiratory phase after a preset time?
Time - Cycle Ventilators terminate the inspiratory phase after a preset time.
What is the normal range value for the BiPAP PEEP?
PEEP - Positive End-Expiratory Pressure
2 - 20 cmH2O
What are the three variables of Positive Pressure Ventilators?
- Trigger - Patient (flow) triggered
- Target/Limit - Pressure, flow, or volume limited
- Cycle - Terminates the breath
What is Residual Volume?
Residual Volume (rV) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration.
Average: +/- 1L in an adult
What is the primary difference between BiPAP and CPAP?
BiPAP provides inspiratory pressure support and therefore is considered to be a mode of ventilation.
- ** Inhalation Positive Airway Pressure (iPAP)***
- ** Exhalation Positive Airway Pressure (ePAP)***
What does increased lung compliance indicate?
Increased lung compliance indicates that the lungs are MORE receptive to a mechanical breath.
= lower airway pressures
______ provides pressure to maintain open airways during exhalations, enhancing oxygenation.
Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure (ePAP)
What is Alveolar Ventilation?
Alveolar Ventilation (Va) is the volume of air that is involved in alveolar gas exchange
Average: 350 mL
________ is the measure of expandability of the lungs and thorax.
Lung compliance is the measure of expandability of the lungs and thorax.
___________ accomplishes oxygenation by the diffusion of oxygen and CO2 from high to low gradients of concentration.
High Frequency Ventilators accomplishes oxygenation by the diffusion of oxygen and CO2 from high to low gradients of concentration.
________ is the amount of air expired per minute
Formula: RR + TV
Average: +/- 100mL/kg/min of Ideal Body Weight (IBW)
Minute Ventilation (Ve) is the amount of air expired per minute
Formula: RR + TV
Average: +/- 100mL/kg/min of Ideal Body Weight (IBW)
In which ventilation mode does the patient NOT have any control over respiration and is essentially “locked out” from triggering a breath?
Controlled Mandatory Ventilation (CMV) mode
** Patient has no active role in the ventilation cycle **
Which Positive Pressure Ventilator delivers a preset volume of gas (mL or L) over time?
Volume - Cycle Ventilators deliver a preset volume of gas (mL or L) over time.
What is airway resistance?
Airway resistance is the opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction.
ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow
What is lung compliance?
Lung compliance is the measure of expandability of the lungs and thorax.
________ is the volume of air that remains in the conductive region.
Average: +/- 150 mL
Anatomical Dead Space is the volume of air that remains in the conductive region.
Average: +/- 150 mL
What is Anatomical Dead Space?
Anatomical Dead Space is the volume of air that remains in the conductive region.
Average: +/- 150 mL
What are the four main goals of mechanical ventilation?
- Maintain adequate PaO2 and PaCO2
- Return arterial blood gases to acceptable levels for the patient.
- Improve ventilation to meet existing clinical demands
- Decrease work of breathing
What is Vital Capacity?
Vital Capacity (VC) is the amount of air forced out of the lungs after a maximal respiration.
Average: 4.6 4.8 Liters
What is Exhaled Tidal Volume?
Exhaled Tidal Volume (Vte) is the volume measured air returned from a ventilated patient
should closely match Tidal Volume (Vt)
What is the most commonly used ventilation mode utilized?
Assist Control (AC) mode
Which variable of Positive Pressure Ventilator is:
- Patient initiated
- Will initiate a breath for the patient after a preset time
Trigger (Patient Triggered / Flow Trigger) Positive Pressure Ventilators
What is Total Lung Capacity?
Total Lung Capacity is the volume of air that the lungs can hold with maximal inspiration.
Average: 5500 - 6000 mL (ENTIRE LUNG!)
______ is the volume of air that the lungs can hold with maximal inspiration.
Total Lung Capacity is the volume of air that the lungs can hold with maximal inspiration.
Average: 5500 - 6000 mL (ENTIRE LUNG!)
What is Physiological Dead Space?
Physiological Dead Space (Vd) is the Anatomical Dead Space and the Alveolar Dead Space.
Average: Total conducting airway dead space - 150 mg
Is CPAP a true mode of ventilation?
No, CPAP a true mode of ventilation as it does NOT provide additional pressure during inspiration.
What does decreased lung compliance indicate?
Decreased lung compliance indicates that the lungs are LESS receptive to a mechanical breath.
= Higher airway pressures (Sign of ARDS)
What is a major advantage of Time - Cycle Ventilators?
The provider can precisely control the inspiratory time and inspiratory:expiratory (I:E) ratio.
