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UMBC PACE > Basic Lab Data > Flashcards

Basic Lab Data Flashcards

1
Q

Which organ is responsible for the production of the following enzymes?
How are these enzymes transported?

(ALT) - Alanine Transaminase
(AST) - Aspartate Transaminase
(ALP) - Alkaline Phosphatase

A

The liver is responsible for the creation of:

(ALT) - Alanine Transaminase
(AST) - Aspartate Transaminase
(ALP) - Alkaline Phosphatase

Albumin, a plasma protein made by the liver, is necessary for the transport of those enzymes

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2
Q

What are the major causes of acidosis?

A

Use MUDPILES:

M: Methanol
U: Uremia
D: DKA
P: Paraldehyde
I: Iron
L: Lactic Acid
E: Ethylene Glycol 
S: Salicylates (ASA products)
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3
Q

After analyzing your patient’s CBC, you note a significant WBC right shift. What is a right shift indicative of?

A

A right shift on the White Blood Cell count is indicative of a VIRAL infection.

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4
Q

How do the kidneys influence pH (per Hydrogen)?

A

The kidneys influence pH (per Hydrogen) by retaining or secreting bicarb (HCO3).

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5
Q

Which acid - base system reacts faster?

  1. Respiratory
  2. Metabolic
A

The Respiratory (lungs) system can change the acid - base factor significantly faster then the metabolic (kidneys) system.

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6
Q

What measures the effectiveness of coumadin-type anticoagulant medications?

A

Prothrombin time (PT) measures the effectiveness of coumadin-type anticoagulant medications (Warfarin).

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7
Q

What is a left shift?

What is a left shift indicative of?

A

A left shift is an increased number of neutrophil bands (immature) and is common with acute infections.

Left shift is primarily bacterial

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8
Q

What is the normal value range of Calcium (Ca++)?

A

9 - 11 mg/dL is the normal value range of Calcium (Ca++).

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9
Q

What is characterized by the following lab values?

Increase in pH
No Change PaCO2
Increase in HCO3

A

Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis is characterized by the following lab values:

Increase in pH
No Change PaCO2
Increase in HCO3

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10
Q

How is uncompensated metabolic alkalosis characterized?

A

Metabolic alkalosis is characterized as:

pH increased
PaCO2 no change
HCO3 increased

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11
Q

How long do elevated cTnI levels remain detectable at an elevated range, suggestive of myocardial specific injury?

A

Troponin (cTnI) levels stay elevated for approximately 5 - 10 days post infarction.

** this time can be extended for patients with renal injury due to the increased workload of the kidneys to get rid of the myoglobin **

Normal Range Value: < 0.05 ng/mL

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12
Q

______ is a crystalline product when the body breaks down purines (certain types of food).

A

Uric Acid

Standard Value Range: 2 - 8 mg/dL

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13
Q

If a patient has normal renal function, what is the normal time frame that the Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) levels will return to baseline, subsequent to an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)

A

3 - 4 days is the approximate time for the Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) levels to return to baseline, subsequent to an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), If a patient has normal renal function.

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14
Q

This WBC is predominately a viral killer?

A

The Lymphocyte White Blood Cell (WBC) is predominately a viral killer.

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15
Q

What is the normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) range for partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)?

A

The normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) range for partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) is:

35 - 45 mmHg

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16
Q

What is the International Normalized Ratio (INR)?

A

International Normalized Ratio (INR) is a standardized control used to compare the PT, regarding anticoagulant effectiveness of coumadin-type medications (Warfarin).

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17
Q

What is the normal value range of Creatinine (Cr) when examining the Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)?

A
  1. 6 - 1.4 mg/dL (M):
  2. 6 - 1.1 mg/dL (F):

:is the normal value range of Creatinine (Cr) when examining the Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)

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18
Q

What does the Partial Thromboplastin (PTT) measure?

A

Partial Thromboplastin (PTT) measures the effectiveness of heparin therapy.

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19
Q

A common problem of specimen collection associated with the breakdown of Red Blood Cells (RBC) and subsequent release of hemoglobin (Hgb) is known as:

  1. Hemoglobinuria
  2. Hematocrit
  3. Hemolysis
  4. Hemodialysis
A
  1. Hemolysis

A common problem of specimen collection associated with the breakdown of Red Blood Cells (RBC) and subsequent release of hemoglobin (Hgb) is known as Hemolysis.

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20
Q

You need to evaluate the functionality of your patient’s liver. Can this be done with a BMP

A

No, the Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) does not assess liver functions.

The Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) is utilized to evaluate liver function.

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21
Q

What is occurring if the pH and the HCO3 are elevated?

A

Metabolic Alkalosis has occurred if the pH and the HCO3 are elevated.

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22
Q

_______ is an isoenzyme in the skeletal muscles, brain, and cardiac muscles. If this lab value is elevated, it could be indicative of myocardial insult.

A

Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)

Normal Range Value: 5 - 35 mcg/dL

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23
Q

What is specificity?

A

Specificity is the probability that a test will be negative in the absence of a disease.

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24
Q

What is the normal average value for hemoglobin (Hgb)?

A

15 g/dL is the normal average value for hemoglobin (Hgb).

Male: 14 - 18 g/dL
Female: 12 - 16 g/dL

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25
Q

_____ is defined as an elevation of HCO3- above the normal value.

A

Metabolic Alkalosis is defined as an elevation of HCO3- (bicarb) above the normal value.

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26
Q

For every _____ mEq of bicarbonate (HCO3), the pH will change _____ in the same direction.

A

For every 10 mEq of bicarbonate (HCO3), the pH will change 0.15 in the same direction.

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27
Q

How do the lungs regulate acidity in the body?

A

The lungs regulate acidity in the body by increasing or decreasing the amount of CO2 present.

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28
Q

What does a Base Excess (BE) of > -10 mmol/L indicate?

A

> -10 mmol/L indicates severe shock

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29
Q

What are the main purposes of lab data analysis?

A

The main purposes of lab data analysis is:

  1. Establish baseline data
  2. Observe trends and changes over time
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30
Q

What is the normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) range for serum bicarbonate (HCO3)?

A

The normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) range for serum bicarbonate (HCO3) is:

22 - 26 mEq/L

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31
Q

Which lab value is significant in the determination of dehydration or over-hydration?

A

Serum Osmolality is significant in the determination of dehydration or over-hydration.

Normal Range Value: 282 - 295 mOsm

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32
Q

What is an acceptable International Normalized Ratio (INR) in persons receiving coumadin-type medications (Warfarin)?

A

International Normalized Ratio (INR) should be 2-3 in persons receiving coumadin-type medications (Warfarin).

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33
Q

What is released into the blood stream subsequent to a muscle injury?

A

Myoglobin is released into the blood stream subsequent to a muscle injury.

An elevated myoglobin level may be suggestive of cardiac muscle injury

Myoglobin is NOT sensitive

Normal Value Range: 9 - 12 mcg/mL

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34
Q

What labs can be analyzed via a BMP?

A

Basic Metabolic Panel:

Sodium (Na+): 135 - 145 mEq/L
Potassium (K+): 3.5 - 5 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl-): 96 - 106 mEq/L
Calcium (Ca++): 9 - 11 mg/dL
Glucose (Glu): 60 - 89 mg/dL
BUN: 7 - 21 mg/dL
Creatinine (Cr): 0.9 mg/dL (M/F average)
Bicarbonate (HCO3): 22 - 26 mEq/L (serum)

** Bicarb is usually assessed via ABG **

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35
Q

What is considered a normal anion gap?

A

8 - 16 mEq/L is considered a normal anion gap.

[Na+ + K+] - [Cl- + HCO3-] = Anion Gap (AG)

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36
Q

What is the “Rule of Three” to determine a certain value via the Complete Blood Count (CBC)?

A

The “Rule of Three” to determine a certain value via the Complete Blood Count (CBC) is:

RBC x 3 = Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Hgb x 3 = Hematocrit (Hct)

(ex: RBC 5 x 3 = Hgb 15; Hgb 15 x 3 = Hct 45)

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37
Q

What is the time frame you would expect to see a rise in Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) subsequent to an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)?

A

Within 4 - 6 hours is the time frame you would expect to see a rise in Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) subsequent to an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI).

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38
Q

How does the body off gas carbonic acid (H2CO3)?

A

The body off gases carbonic acid (H2CO3) by combining the H+ ion with deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hgb) which is called isohydric buffering and released from the lungs to form exhaled CO2.

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39
Q

What does a positive Base Excess (BE) indicate?

A

A positive Base Excess (BE) indicates the patient has metabolic alkalosis.

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40
Q

______ measures the degradation products of cross-linked fibrin created during fibrinolysis.

A

D-dimer Assey measures the degradation products of cross-linked fibrin created during fibrinolysis.

Normal Range Value: < 0.5 - 1 mcg/mL
< 500 - 1000 mcg/L

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41
Q

What is an elevated CPK suggestive of?

A

Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) is suggestive of:

Myocardial injury: CPK-MB
Renal Failure
Tongue Injury

Normal Range Values: 5 - 35 mcg/dL

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42
Q

What does a negative Base Excess (BE) indicate?

A

A negative Base Excess (BE) indicates the patient has metabolic acidosis.

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43
Q

What is the formula to determine a patient’s anion gap (AG)?

A

[Na+ + K+] - [Cl- + HCO3-] = AG

[Sodium + Potassium] - [Chloride + Bicarb] = AG

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44
Q

Creatinine (Cr) aids in the diagnosis of _______.

A

Creatinine (Cr) aids in the diagnosis of renal dysfunction.

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45
Q

What is the proper sequence for interpreting Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)?

A

The proper sequence for interpreting Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs) is:

  1. pH
  2. PaCO2
  3. HCO3
  4. PaO2
  5. Assess the anion gap (AG)
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46
Q

What is the normal value range of Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)?

A

5 - 35 mcg/mL is the normal value range of Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK).

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47
Q

What is a normal value for prothrombin time (PT)?

A

11.2 - 13.2 seconds is a normal value for prothrombin time (PT).

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48
Q

______ is defined as a reduction of HCO3 below normal.

A

Metabolic acidosis is defined as a reduction of HCO3 below normal.

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49
Q

What does the Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) panel evaluate?

A

The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) panel evaluates renal function and hydration status.

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50
Q

________ is a hormone produced by the cardiac ventricles when stretched. When elevated, this hormone is indicative of heart failure.

What are the normal value ranges?

A

B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

< 100 pg/ml - Low likelihood of heart failure
100 - 400 pg/mL - Interment likelihood of heart failure
> 400 pg/mL - High likelihood of heart failure

51
Q

________ is the probability that a test will be negative in the absence of a disease.

A

Specificity is the probability that a test will be negative in the absence of a disease.

52
Q

True or False:

Your patient has a myoglobin lab value of 19 mcg/mL? This is immediately suggestive of myocardial insult/damage?

A

False.

Myoglobin is NOT sensitive! Increased myoglobin levels are suggestive of muscular injury anywhere in the body.

Normal Range Value: 9 - 12 mcg/mL

53
Q

What is the normal average value for hematocrit (Hct)?

A

45% is the normal average value for hematocrit.

Male: 40 - 54%
Female: 36 - 46%

Hematocrit (Hct) is displayed as a percentage: it is the percentage of chemicals suspended in the blood

54
Q

If you note an elevated BNP level on your patient’s lab work, what does this tell you?

A

BNP lab values greater then 100 pg/mL suggest the likelihood of heart failure.

< 100 pg/ml - Low likelihood of heart failure
100 - 400 pg/mL - Interment likelihood of heart failure
> 400 pg/mL - High likelihood of heart failure

55
Q

What is occurring if the pH is elevated and the PaCO2 is down?

A

Respiratory alkalosis has occurred if the pH is elevated and the PaCO2 is down.

Think seesaw

56
Q

______ is a waste product of protein metabolism found in urine.

A

Creatinine (Cr) is a waste product of protein metabolism found in urine.

57
Q

You note that your patient has elevated myoglobin levels. Approximately how long ago should you expect the muscular insult occurred?

A

Myoglobin levels increase 2 - 6 hours post injury

** Myoglobin peaks 8 - 12 hours after injury **

Normal Range Value: 9 - 12 mcg/mL

58
Q

What is the “distance” between cations (+) and anions (-) called?

A

Anion gap is the the “distance” between cations (+) and anions (-).

59
Q

______ is a standardized control used to compare the PT, regarding anticoagulant effectiveness of coumadin-type medications (Warfarin).

A

International Normalized Ratio (INR) is a standardized control used to compare the PT, regarding anticoagulant effectiveness of coumadin-type medications (Warfarin).

60
Q

What lab value tests are used to determine blood medicated coagulation sufficiency?

A

Prothrombin Time (PT): 11.2 - 132 secs (12 secs)

Measures Coumadin-type anticoagulation medications.
******
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT): 22.1 - 34.1 secs (25)

Measures the effectiveness of clotting factors and heparin efficacy.
*****
International Normalized Ratio (INR): INR 1 is unmedicated
INR 2-3 - normal value for a person on heparin

61
Q

What is the physiological progress of the creation of bilirubin?

A

Bilirubin is created when red blood cells (RBCs) are broken down and recycled.

62
Q

If CO2 is decreased, the kidneys excrete ____ H+ ions and reabsorbs _____ HCO3.

A

If CO2 is decreased, the kidneys excrete less H+ ions and reabsorbs less HCO3.

63
Q

Which lab panel represents the physiological metabolic byproduct created from the breakdown of blood, muscle, and protein?

A

The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) panel physiologically represents the metabolic byproduct created from the breakdown of blood, muscle, and protein.

64
Q

What does prothrombin time (PT) measure?

A

Prothrombin time (PT) measures the effectiveness of coumadin-type anticoagulant medications (Warfarin).

65
Q

________ is the probability that the test will be positive in the presence of a disease.

A

Sensitivity is the probability that the test will be positive in the presence of a disease.

66
Q

Your patient has a confirmed pulmonary embolism. What lab value would you expect to be elevated, suggestive of clot formation?

A

D-dimer

** NOT specific - will NOT indicate the location of the clot **

Normal Range Value: < 0.5 - 1 mcg/mL
< 500 - 1000 mcg/L

67
Q

Which lab panel evaluates renal function and hydration status?

A

The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) panel evaluates renal function and hydration status.

68
Q

What is the normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) range for oxygen saturation (SaO2)?

A

The normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) range for oxygen saturation (SaO2) is:

90 - 100%

69
Q

______ perfusion results in tissue hypoxia and anaerobic metabolism.

A

Decreased perfusion results in tissue hypoxia and anaerobic metabolism.

70
Q

A patient with an elevated bilirubin is suggestive of what?

A

Higher than standard amounts of blood being broken down and metabolized.

Standard Range Value: 1 - 2 mg/dL

71
Q

What does a Complete Blood Count (CBC) panel consist of?

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC) panel:

  1. White Blood Cell (WBC) count = 4500 - 10000 /uL
  2. White Blood Cell (WBC) differential = 40 - 70%
  3. Red Blood Cell (RBC) count = 3.5 - 6M /uL
  4. Hemoglobin (Hgb) = 15 g/dL
  5. Hematocrit (Hct) = M: 40 -54% / F: 36 - 46%
  6. Platelet count = 150,000 - 400,000 /mm3
72
Q

What two organs are the primary acid-excreting organs in healthy people?

A

The lungs and the kidneys are the primary acid-excreting organs in healthy people.

73
Q

What is the normal value range of Sodium (Na+)?

A

135 - 145 mEq/L is the normal value range of Sodium (Na+).

74
Q

What is the normal value range of Potassium (K+)?

A

3.5 - 5 mEq/L is the normal value range of Potassium (K+).

75
Q

What medication can be administered to stem or reverse the effects of Coumadin-type medications?

A

Vitamin K can be administered to stem or reverse the effects of Coumadin-type medications.

76
Q

What kind of infection is a “left shift” indicative of?

A

A left shift is indicative of a bacterial infection.

77
Q

________ are the contractile proteins of the myofibril.

A

Troponin T / Troponin I (cTnI) are the contractile proteins of the myofibril.

** Troponin is MORE specific for a myocardial injury than the CPK-MB **

Normal Range Value: < 0.50 ng/mL

78
Q

What is the root cause of respiratory acidosis?

A

The root cause of respiratory acidosis is hypercapnia (excessive carbon dioxide).

79
Q

What is characterized by the following lab values?

Decrease in pH
Increased PaCO2
No Change in HCO3

A

Uncompensated respiratory acidosis is characterized by the following lab values:

Decrease in pH
Increased PaCO2
No Change in HCO3

80
Q

Which lab value is displayed as a percentage, which represents the amount of dissolved chemicals within the blood?

A

Hematocrit (Hct) is displayed as a percentage, which represents the amount of dissolved chemicals within the blood.

81
Q

What is the normal range value for Serum Osmolality?

A

Normal Range Value is 282 - 295 mOsm

** Panic Values: < 240 mOsm; > 321 mOsm **

82
Q

What is the most common cause of normal anion gap acidosis?

A

Diarrhea is the most common cause of normal anion gap acidosis.

83
Q

Your patient has a myoglobin lab value of 6 mcg/dL? You know that the normal lab values are between 9 - 12 mcg/dL. What is a low myoglobin value suggestive of?

A

Nothing.

Low myoglobin values are not relevant.

Normal Range Value: 9 - 12 mcg/mL

84
Q

What is characterized by the following lab values?

Decrease in pH
No Change PaCO2
Decrease in HCO3

A

Uncompensated metabolic acidosis is characterized by the following lab values:

Decrease in pH
No Change PaCO2
Decrease in HCO3

85
Q

What is a standard value range for Uric Acid?

A

Uric Acid:

2 - 8 mg/dL

86
Q

What factors would result in an unmedicated elevation of Prothrombin Time (PT) and/or Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)?

A

Factor V insufficiency

Factor X insufficiency

87
Q

What is Creatinine (Cr)?

A

Creatinine (Cr) is a waste product of protein metabolism found in urine.

88
Q

What organ is responsible for making Albumin?

A

The liver is responsible for making Albumin.

** albumin is necessary for the transport of hormones and enzymes **

89
Q

What does a Base Excess (BE) of -3 to -5 mmol/L indicate?

A

3 to -5 mmol/L indicates mild shock

90
Q

What additional labs can be analyzed via the CMP that can NOT be analyzed via the BMP

A

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel:

91
Q

True or False:

Ammonia is included in the standard CMP?

A

False.

Ammonia (NH3) is NOT included in the standard Comprehensive Metabolic Panel and must be requested/ran separately.

NH3 Standard Value Range: 15 - 45 mcg/dL

92
Q

What Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) value indicates the presence of hypercapnia?

A

Hypercapnia (excessive carbon dioxide) is indicated as a value greater then 45 mmHg on the ABG/PaCO2

> 45 mmHg

93
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

Sensitivity is the probability that the test will be positive in the presence of a disease.

94
Q

How do the kidneys eliminate H+ ions?

A

The body eliminates H+ ions via urine.

95
Q

Subsequent to an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), when does the Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) level usually peak?

A

Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) levels usually peak 24 hours subsequent to an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI).

96
Q

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

A

Metabolic alkalosis is the result of elevated serum bicarb (HCO3) or the loss of H+ ions.

97
Q

________ can be caused by hyperventilation.

A

Respiratory alkalosis can be caused by hyperventilation.

98
Q

What is characterized by the following lab values?

Increase in pH
Decreased PaCO2
No Change in HCO3

A

Uncompensated respiratory alkalosis is characterized by the following lab values:

Decrease in pH
Increased PaCO2
No Change in HCO3

99
Q

The liver produces three main enzymes. What are they?

A

(ALT) - Alanine Transaminase
(AST) - Aspartate Transaminase
(ALP) - Alkaline Phosphatase

** Albumin, a plasma protein made by the liver, is necessary for the transport of those enzymes **

100
Q

What does a Base Excess (BE) of -6 to -9 mmol/L indicate?

A

-6 to -9 mmol/L indicates moderate shock

101
Q

Your patient has an elevated cTnI level. What does this suggest?

What cTnL level is considered normal?

A

A high Troponin level (cTnI) is suggestive of myocardial insult.

Normal Range Value: < 0.05 ng/mL

102
Q

What is a normal value for Partial Thromboplastin (PTT)?

A

22.1 - 34.1 seconds (after heparin is administered) is a normal value for Partial Thromboplastin (PTT)

THINK: Two lower case T’s look like an “H”

103
Q

What results from hypoventilation?

A

The pH decreases; acidosis results from hypoventilation; retention of CO2.

Respiratory acidosis

104
Q

If CO2 is increased, the kidneys excrete ____ H+ ions and reabsorbs _____ HCO3.

A

If CO2 is increased, the kidneys excrete more H+ ions and reabsorbs more HCO3.

105
Q

A patient has an elevated Serum Osmolality level of 310 mOsm. What is this indicative?

A

Dangerously low fluid volume levels.

Can be attributed to:

  • Renal Disease
  • CHF
  • Dehydration
  • Diabetes Mellitus

Normal Range Value: 282 - 295 mOsm

106
Q

What is the normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) range for base excess (BE)?

A

The normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) range for base excess is:

-3 to +3 mmol/L

107
Q

For every ____ mmHg change in CO2, the pH will change ____ in the opposite direction.

A

For every 10 mmHg change in CO2, the pH will change 0.08 in the opposite direction.

108
Q

What are the three creatine phosphokinase (CPK) markers?

A

CPK-MM - Creatine Phosphokinase - Skeletal Muscle

CPK-BB - Creatine Phosphokinase - Brain

CPK-MB - Creatine Phosphokinase - Cardiac

Normal Range Value: 5 - 35 mcg/mL

109
Q

What does the Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) panel represent physiologically?

A

The Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) panel physiologically represents the metabolic byproduct created from the breakdown of blood, muscle, and protein.

110
Q

You are asked to to run a CBC for a patient. What does the CBC evaluate?

A

Complete Blood Count - used as a broad screening test to check for a variety of conditions including anemia and infections.

WBC - White Blood Count: 4,500 - 11,000 /mL
WBCd - White Blood Count Differential: 40 - 70%
RBC - Red Blood Cell Count: 3.5 - 6M /mL
HGB - Hemoglobin: 15 g/dL
HCT - Hematocrit: 44%
Platelet Count - 150,000 - 400,000/mm3

111
Q

How is uncompensated metabolic acidosis characterized?

A

Metabolic acidosis is characterized as:

pH decreased
PaCO3 no change
HCO3 decreased

112
Q

What is the normal value range for the Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) panel?

A

The normal value range for the Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) panel is:

7 - 21 mg/dL

113
Q

What is occurring if the pH is down and the PaCO2 is elevated?

A

Respiratory acidosis has occurred if the pH is down and the PaCO2 is elevated.

Think Seesaw

114
Q

Your patient has an elevated ammonia (NH3) level. What is this indicative of and why?

A

Elevated ammonia (NH3) levels are indicative of liver damage/failure.

With liver damage, the liver may be unable to convert ammonia into urea causing an increase of NH3 levels.

NH3 Standard Value Range: 15 - 45 mcg/dL

115
Q

What are the two main mechanisms leading to hypercapnia?

A

The two main mechanisms leading to hypercapnia (excessive carbon dioxide) are:

  1. Hypoventilation
  2. Ventilation / Perfusion mismatch (V/Q mismatch)
116
Q

What does a Base Excess (BE) of +3 to -3 mmol/L indicate?

A

+3 to -3 mmol/L is considered a normal Base Excess (BE).

117
Q

What is occurring if the pH and the HCO3 are down?

A

Metabolic acidosis has occurred if the pH and the HCO3 are down.

118
Q

What is the normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) range for pH (per Hydrogen)?

A

The normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) range for pH (per Hydrogen) is:

7.35 - 7.45

119
Q

What does the D-dimer Assey assess?

A

D-dimer assesses for clot formation.

** NOT specific - will NOT indicate the location of the clot **

Normal Range Value: < 0.5 - 1 mcg/mL
< 500 - 1000 mcg/L

120
Q

What is appropriate labeling for patient lab containers?

A

Appropriate labeling for patient lab containers is:

  1. Date
  2. Time
  3. Patient Name
121
Q

What is a standard range value of Creatinine (Cr)?

A

Creatinine (Cr): 0.9 mg/mL

Males: 0.6 - 1.4 mg/mL
Females: 0.6 - 1.1 mg/mL

122
Q

What results from hyperventilation?

A

The pH increase; alkalosis results from hyperventilation; blows off excess CO2.

Respiratory alkalosis

123
Q

What is a standard BUN/Cr ratio?

A

BUN/Creatinine(Cr) ratio:

≤ 10:1

ex: BUN = 12; Cr = 1.2 is a normal ratio
BUN = 18; Cr of 2.4 is an abnormal ratio

124
Q

What component of the BMP/CMP is used to specifically evaluate renal and urinary tract function?

A

Uric Acid (bUn) s used to specifically evaluate renal and urinary tract function.

UMBC PACE (11 decks)

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