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UMBC PACE > CCEMTP > Flashcards

CCEMTP Flashcards

1
Q

Sepsis - Cellular Dysfunction in Cells:

What is depressed activation?

A

Depressed activation refers to cells that are failing to act in response to stimulus.

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2
Q

Sepsis -

Sepsis should be highly considered in patient presenting with a lactate value of:

A

Sepsis should be highly considered in patient presenting with a lactate value of:
> 2 mmol/L

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3
Q

Pharmacology -

What is an antagonist?

A

An antagonist blocks cellular receptor sites to prevent effect.

(ex: Narcan)

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4
Q

Sepsis -

What do neutrophils do?

A

Neutrophils phagocytize (consume; destroy) bacteria, damaged cells, foreign debris.

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5
Q

Sepsis -

What is the leading cause of non-coronary death in the ICU?

A

Sepsis is the leading cause of non-coronary death in the ICU.

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6
Q

Sepsis - Cellular Dysfunction in Cells:

________ refers to cells that are failing to act in response to stimulus.

A

Depressed activation refers to cells that are failing to act in response to stimulus.

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7
Q

Pharmacology -

What medication effects the heart rhythm?

A

Dromotropic medications effects heart rhythm.

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8
Q

Sepsis -

_______ alkalosis signals impeding shock that is reversible with adequate fluid resuscitation.

A

Respiratory alkalosis signals impeding shock that is reversible with adequate fluid resuscitation.

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9
Q

Pharmacology -

What is Half-Life?

A

Half-Life is the time it takes to eliminate half of the drug from the bloodstream (usually takes 5 to 7 half-lives to get out of the system).

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10
Q

Sepsis -

What is septicemia?

A

Septicemia is the presence of bacteria in the blood.

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11
Q

Radiograph Interpretation -

How does a subarachnoid bleed present on a Computed Tomography (CT) scan?

A

Starfish like appearance (usually focused in the center and working outward)

A subarachnoid bleed presents as a white STARFISH LIKE APPEARANCE on a Computed Tomography (CT) scan?

white denotes the presence of blood

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12
Q

Radiograph Interpretation -

How does a subdural bleed present on a Computed Tomography (CT) scan?

A

Crescent moon shaped appearance

A subdural bleed presents as a white crescent moon shaped appearance.

white denotes the presence of blood

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13
Q

Radiograph Interpretation -

When evaluating an X-ray, the heart should take up no more than _____% of the width of the film (Posterior to Anterior [PA]).

A

50%

When evaluating an X-ray, the heart should take up no more than 50% of the width of the film (Posterior to Anterior [PA]).

Ideally 1/3

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14
Q

Pharmacology -

_______ is the conversion of the chemical drug into another form (e.g. conversion of active drug into inactive metabolite).

A

Biotransformation is the conversion of the chemical drug into another form (e.g. conversion of active drug into inactive metabolite).

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15
Q

Sepsis -

_______ is the leading cause of non-coronary death in the ICU.

A

Sepsis is the leading cause of non-coronary death in the ICU.

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16
Q

Pharmacology -

What is preload?

A

Preload is the workload coming into the right side of the heart.

(venous return to the Right Atrium [RA])

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17
Q

Sepsis -

What does the term ‘band’ refer to when assessing lab values (specifically WBC)?

A

Bands refers to immature WBCs.

(This occurs when an infection is so severe that the body begins to release immature WBCs in an attempt to fight off the infection)

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18
Q

Pharmacology -

What is Pharmacokinetics?

A

Pharmacokinetics is defined as how the body works on a specific medication or medications.

(metabolism, absorption, distribution, excretion, etc.)

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19
Q

Pharmacology -

What is “First Pass Effect?”

A

“First Pass Effect” refers to a significant of the drug being cleared directly through the liver.

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20
Q

Radiograph Interpretation -

What is the “A - I” approach to radiograph interpretation?

A 
The "A - I" approach to radiograph interpretation is:
A - Airway
B - Bony Thorax
C - Cardiac Silhouette 
D - Diaphragm 
E - Effusion 
F - Fields (lung)
G - Gastric Bubble
H -  Hilum (lung roots)
I - Invasive devices and lines
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21
Q

Sepsis -

_______ is defined as a clinical response to a non-specific insult of infectious or non-infectious origin.

A

Systemic Inflammatory Response ‘Syndrome’ (SIRS)

-aka: SIR

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22
Q

Sepsis -

_________ can result in severe complications such as:

  1. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
  2. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
  3. Renal Failure
  4. Liver Failure
  5. Heart Failure (HF)
A

Septic shock can result in severe complications such as:

  1. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
  2. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
  3. Renal Failure
  4. Liver Failure
  5. Heart Failure (HF)
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23
Q

Pharmacology -

________ refers to one drug enhancing another drug’s action.

A

Potentiation refers to one drug enhancing another drug’s action.

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24
Q

Sepsis -

Septic shock develops in approximately ______% of septic patients.

A

40%

Septic shock develops in approximately 40% of septic patients.

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25
Q

Pharmacology -

What is the calculation for Ideal Body Weight (IBW)?

A

The calculation for Ideal Body Weight (IDW) is:

50+2.3 x (height in inches)

For Males > 5 ft only!

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26
Q

Sepsis -

_________ is a reaction to cell injury.

A

Inflammatory response is a reaction to cell injury.

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27
Q

Sepsis -

When utilizing the Quick Standardized Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFT) scoring system, what are the three variables used to score the patient?

A

The three variables used to score the patient via the Quick Standardized Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFT) are:

1) Respiratory Rate = ≥ 22/min
2) New or worsened altered mental status (AMS)
3) SBP ≤ 100 mmHg

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28
Q

Sepsis -

What is an inflammatory response?

A

Inflammatory response is a reaction to cell injury.

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29
Q

Pharmacology -

What is bioavailability?

A

Bioavailability is the amount of unaltered drug to reach the systemic circulation

(Oral medication does not achieve 100% bioavailability)

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30
Q

Sepsis -

Over time, sepsis can lead to _________ and _______.

A

Over time, sepsis can lead to insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.

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31
Q

Pharmacology -

What does a chronotropic medication effect?

A

Chronotropic medications effect heart rate (HR).

Chrono = Time

32
Q

Radiograph Interpretation -

What is the radiographic difference between a patient presenting with pneumothorax verses a patient presenting with hemothorax?

A

The radiographic difference between a patient presenting with pneumothorax verses a patient presenting with hemothorax is:

Pneumothorax is displayed as a black mass
Hemothorax is displayed as a white mass

33
Q

Pharmacology -

What does a dromotropic medication effect?

A

A dromotropic medication effects heart rhythm.

Think drum

34
Q

Sepsis -

What is a common intervention that sepsis patients will require?

A

Sepsis patients will commonly require 2 large bore IV’s or a central venous catheter.

35
Q

Sepsis -

What is the physiological process of swelling?

A

The physiological process of swelling is the movement of fluid from the intravascular space into the interstitial space.

36
Q

Pharmacology -

What does an inotropic medication effect?

A

Inotropic medications effect the contractile force of the heart (how hard the heart beats [with more or less force]).

37
Q

Sepsis -

What is the standard infusion formula for a septic patient?

A

The standard formula for a septic patient is:
30 mL/kg bolus

(be mindful of CHF and/or Pulmonary Edema)

38
Q

Sepsis -

What are the two leading causes of sepsis?

A

The two leading causes of sepsis are:

  1. Respiratory tract infection
  2. Urinary tract infection
39
Q

Sepsis -

_______ is the presence of bacteria in the blood.

A

Septicemia is the presence of bacteria in the blood.

40
Q

Radiograph Interpretation -

____________ is based on the composition and thickness of a substance.

A

Radiographic density is based on the composition and thickness of a substance.

41
Q

Sepsis -

Which classification of bacteria results in more deaths due to sepsis?

A

Gram-negative bacteria results in more deaths due to sepsis.

42
Q

Pharmacology -

What is an Iatrogenic result?

A

An iatrogenic result is an adverse condition/response even with appropriate care.

43
Q

Sepsis -

What is the difference between sepsis and severe sepsis?

A

The difference between sepsis is the presence of organ dysfunction (seen with severe sepsis).

44
Q

Pharmacology -

Which medications effect the heart rate?

A

Chronotropic medications effect heart rate (HR).

45
Q

Sepsis -

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), Renal Failure, Liver Failure, Heart Failure (HF) can be the result of _________ if not treated adequately.

A

Septic Shock

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), Renal Failure, Liver Failure, Heart Failure (HF) can be the result of SEPTIC SHOCK if not treated adequately.

46
Q

Pharmacology -

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

Pharmacodynamics is defined as how drugs/medications work on the body.

47
Q

Sepsis -

_______ is a syndrome that is characterized by an overwhelming systemic response to infection.

A

Sepsis is a syndrome that is characterized by an overwhelming systemic response to infection.

48
Q

Pharmacology -

What medication effects the contractile force of the heart?

A

Inotropic medications effect the contractile force of the heart (how hard the heart beats [with more or less force]).

49
Q

Sepsis - Cellular Dysfunction in Cells:

What is excessive activation?

A

Excessive activation refers to cells that are primed such that they respond in a very vigorous manner to additional stimuli.

50
Q

Pharmacology -

What is potentiation?

A

Potentiation is when once drug enhances the action of another drug.

51
Q

Sepsis -

_______ is defined as sepsis with hypotension that is refractory to fluid resuscitation.

A

Septic shock is defined as sepsis with hypotension that is refractory to fluid resuscitation.

52
Q

Pharmacology -

What is the amount of an unaltered drug that reaches systemic circulation.

A

Bioavailability is the amount of unaltered drug to reach the systemic circulation.

53
Q

Pharmacology -

What is biotransformation?

A

Biotransformation is the conversion of the chemical drug into another form (e.g. conversion of active drug into inactive metabolite).

54
Q

Sepsis -

If a septic patient does not adequately response to fluid resuscitation, what should be considered next?

A

Vasopressors should be considered if a septic patient does not response to fluid resuscitation.

  1. Norepinephrine
  2. Vasopressin
  3. Epinephrine
  4. Phenylephrine
  5. Dopamine
55
Q

Pharmacology -

What is an agonist?

A

An Agonist stimulates cellular receptor sites to produce normal effect.

56
Q

Sepsis -

Cellular Dysfunction in Cells:

________ refers to cells that are primed such that they respond in a very vigorous manner to additional stimuli.

A

Excessive activation refers to cells that are primed such that they respond in a very vigorous manner to additional stimuli.

57
Q

Pharmacology -

_______ is the study of drugs and their effects on receptors and the body.

A

Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on receptors and the body.

58
Q

Radiograph Interpretation -

Which intracranial bleed has a crescent moon shaped appearance?

A

Subdural

A subdural bleed presents as a white crescent moon shaped appearance.

white denotes the presence of blood

59
Q

Radiograph Interpretation -

Which intracranial bleed has a convex appearing lens (oblong oval shape)?

A

Epidural

Intracranial EPIDURAL bleeding has a white convex appearing lens (oblong oval shape).

white denotes the presence of blood

60
Q

Radiograph Interpretation -

What color is air on an x-ray?

A

Air is black on an x-ray

61
Q

Radiograph Interpretation -

Which intracranial bleeding looks similar to a starfish pattern?

A

Subarachnoid

Intracranial SUBARACHNOID bleeding looks similar to a white starfish pattern

white denotes the presence of blood

62
Q

Radiograph Interpretation -

What is the most common radiographic imaging technique utilized by clinicians?

A

X ray is the most common radiographic imaging technique utilized by clinicians?

63
Q

Sepsis -

What is the ideal Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) in oder to maintain perfusion to the vital organs of a septic patient?

A

The deal Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) in oder to maintain perfusion to the vital organs of a septic patient is 65 mmHg

“65 keeps the organs alive”

64
Q

Sepsis -

Sepsis defined:

A

Sepsis is a syndrome that is characterized by an overwhelming systemic response to infection.

65
Q

Radiograph Interpretation -

What is a significant pre-hospital use for Ultrasound (US)?

A

A significant pre-hospital use for Ultrasound (US) is:

1) Detecting the presence of blood and/or internal bleeding
2) IV placement

66
Q

Sepsis -

What is septic shock?

A

Septic shock is defined as sepsis with hypotension that is refractory to fluid resuscitation.

67
Q

Pharmacology -

______ is defined as how drugs/medications work on the body.

A

Pharmacodynamics is defined as how drugs/medications work on the body.

68
Q

Sepsis -

A patient suspected of sepsis should present with at least two of these signs and symptoms:

A

A patient suspected of sepsis should present with at least two of these signs and symptoms:

1) Oral temperature > 38C or < 36C
2) RR > 20/min or PaCO2 < 32 mmHg
3) HR > 90 bpm
4) WBC > 12,000/uL or < 4,000/uL or > 10% band

69
Q

Pharmacology -

What is Mechanism of Action?

A

Mechanism of Action is how the agent (drug/medication) works at the cellular/receptor level for intended response.

70
Q

Pharmacology -

What is afterload?

A

Afterload is the workload a heart pumps against.

left side of the heart

71
Q

Pharmacology -

What is pharmacology?

A

Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on receptors and the body.

72
Q

Sepsis -

________ bacteria results in more deaths due to sepsis.

A

Gram-negative bacteria results in more deaths due to sepsis.

73
Q

Radiograph Interpretation -

How does an epidural bleed present on a Computed Tomography (CT) scan?

A

Convex appearing lens (oblong oval shape).

An epidural bleed presents as a white convex appearing lens (oblong oval shape).

white denotes the presence of blood

74
Q

Pharmacology -

What is “Steady State?”

A

Steady State is an equal amount of medication administered as it is eliminated.

(Amount of drug in = amount of drug out)

75
Q

Sepsis -

What is a high lactate lab value indicative of?

A

A high lactate lab value is indicative of poor perfusion, possibly a result of organ failure subsequent to septic shock.

(0.5 - 1.0 mmol/L is standard)

UMBC PACE (10 decks)

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