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UMBC PACE > Flight Physiology > Flashcards

Flight Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four primary gases that make up the composition of the atmosphere?

A
  1. Nitrogen (78.03%)
  2. Oxygen (20.95%)
  3. Argon (0.93%)
  4. Carbon Dioxide (0.03%)

** trace gases account for 0.06% **

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2
Q

What are the four stages of hypoxia?

A
  1. Indifferent: 0 - 10k ft/asl; HR and RR slightly increase
  2. Compensatory: 10k - 15k ft/asl; Decreased alertness
  3. Disturbance: 15k - 20k ft/asl; Increased errors in judgement
  4. Critical: 20k - 23k; mental incapacitation and death
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3
Q

What is the maximum allowable slope for a helicopter LZ?

A

5º

The helicopter LZ can NOT have a slope that exceeds 5º.

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4
Q

In this atmospheric level, you would expect to see notable impairment due to hypoxia, resulting in noticeable deficits to those involved.

A

The Physiological Deficient Zone - 10,000 - 50,000 ft/ASL

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5
Q

What are the 8 primary stressors of flight?

A
  1. Hypoxia
  2. Barometric Pressure Changes
  3. Thermal Variations
  4. Decreased Humidity
  5. Fatigue
  6. Noise
  7. Vibration
  8. Gravitational Forces
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6
Q

_______ results in inadequate tissue oxygenation secondary to a metabolic disorder and/or poisoning of the cytochrome oxidase enzyme system resulting in cellular inability to utilize oxygen.

A

Histotoxic hypoxia -

  • Cyanide poisoning
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7
Q

What is the ideal size for a helicopter landing zone?

A

100’ x 100’ is the ideal size for a helicopter landing zone.

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8
Q

What is the typical maximum distance utilized for rotor-wing air medical transport?

A

150 nautical miles is the typical maximum distance utilized for rotor-wing air medical transport.

  • ** speed approximately 100 - 200 mph ***
  • ** Altitude ≤ 10,000 ft/asl
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9
Q

______ law states that at a constant pressure, the volume of gas is directly proportional to its temperature.

A

Charles’ Law states that at a constant pressure, the volume of gas is directly proportional to its temperature.

V1 ÷ T1 = V2 ÷ T2

** for every 1ºC temperature decrease, gas volume will decrease 1/273; vise versa **

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10
Q

Your patient is becoming increasingly restless and agitated in flight. What should you consider first?

A

Hypoxia should be considered first.

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11
Q

What are the three layers of the atmosphere and their perspective altitude range?

A
  1. Physiological Zone: 0 - 10,000 ft/ASL
  2. Physiological Deficient Zone: 10,000 - 50,000 ft/ASL
  3. Space Equivalent Zone: 50,000 - 250,000 ft/ASL
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12
Q

What is the primary factor resulting is air medical transport helicopters?

A

Human error (77%) is the primary factor resulting is air medical transport helicopters.

Weather: 30%
Obstacle Strike: 20%
Mechanical: 17%

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13
Q

True or False:

If a sudden increase in altitude occurs, the effect of temperature will occur faster than a change of pressure on a contained gas.

A

False.

The contained gas will attempt to expand as temperature happens more slowly.

  • ** Boyle’s Law vs. Charles’ Law ***
  • ** it takes a LARGE amount of heat to effect a small amount of volume ***
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14
Q

The Federal Aviation Administration requires all Air Medical Transports to operate under and comply with which regulation:

A

Title 14 Part 135

** FAR 135 which governs all commuter, or on-demand commercial operations **

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15
Q

Can individual states impose regulations and/or restrictions on commercial air carriers?

A

No, the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 prohibits states from imposing regulations and/or restrictions on commercial air carriers.

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16
Q

As a result of Boyle’s Law, which medical equipment might be adversely affected in aviation medicine?

A

(In no specific order)

  1. ETT cuff
  2. Balloon pumps
  3. Air splints
  4. IV drip sets
  5. NG/OG tubes

** as pressure decreases, the volume will increase **

17
Q

For every 1,000 ft of altitude, the temperature will decrease by _______.

A

2ºC

For every 1,000 ft of altitude, the temperature will decrease by 2ºC.

18
Q

______ results due to the decrease of partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2).

A

Hypoxia results due to the decrease of partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2).

19
Q

Which gases are of the most concern to aviation medicine?

A
  1. Nitrogen (78%)
  2. Oxygen (21%)
  3. Carbon Dioxide (< 1%)
  4. Water (vapor)
20
Q

What is the barometric pressure at sea level?

A

760 mmHg is the barometric pressure at sea level.

760 mmHg = 1 ATM (14.7 lbs at S/L)

** decreases with ascent; increases with decent **

21
Q

______ results from inadequate oxygenation secondary to reduced partial pressures of oxygen in inspired air.

A

Hypoxic hypoxia -

** impaired gas exchange across alveolar-capillary membrane **

22
Q

______ results from inadequate tissue oxygenation results due to the decrease of partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.

A

Anemic (Hypemic) hypoxia -

There is adequate availability of oxygen molecules but an obstructive pathology prevents oxygen from diffusing across the alveolar membrane.

  • CO poisoning
  • Drugs
  • Anemia
  • Pulmonary Embolism
  • COPD
  • Pneumonia
23
Q

______ law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the individual partial pressures of all the gases in the mixture.

A

Dalton’s Law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the individual partial pressures of all the gases in the mixture.

Pt = P1+P2+P3…

24
Q

______ law states that when temperature remains constant, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.

A

Boyle’s Law states that when temperature remains constant, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.

P1 V1 = P2 V2

** inverse = opposite **

25
Q

______ results is inadequate tissue oxygenation secondary to reduced cardiac output, pooling of blood, reduced blood flow to tissues, and/or restriction of blood flow.

A

Stagnant hypoxia -

  • Heart Failure
  • Shock
  • Gravitational Forces
  • Positive Pressure Ventilation
  • Pulmonary Embolism
26
Q

Which war did the the first helicopter transport of a wounded soldier occur?

A

WWII when a wounded soldier was evacuated from the jungles of Burma.

27
Q

When should a “sterile cockpit” be maintained?

A

Sterile cockpit - only talking when it is relevant to crew safety.

  1. Take-off
  2. Landing
  3. When requested by the pilot
  4. Class “B” Airspace

** Class “B” is any airspace that is Air Traffic Controlled **

28
Q

What government agency regulates the air medical industry?

A

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

29
Q

This states that gas molecules will move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A

Universal Gas Law states that gas molecules will move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

30
Q

_____ law states that the amount of gas in a solution is proportional to the partial pressure of gas in contact with a liquid.

A

Henry’s Law states that the amount of gas in a solution is proportional to the partial pressure of gas in contact with a liquid.

31
Q

Which zone is completely incompatible with human life, thus requiring the use of a pressurized suit?

A

The Space Equivalent Zone - 50,000 - 250,000 ft/ASL

UMBC PACE (11 decks)

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