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I&P Year 2 > Measuring Population Health > Flashcards

Measuring Population Health Flashcards

1
Q

What does individual perspective focus on?

A

Health
Risk factors
Exposures

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2
Q

What does population perspective focus on?

A

Disorders - mass disease

Exposures

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3
Q

Give examples of: health-related demographic events + processes

A 
Birth
Marriage
Migration
Ageing 
Death
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4
Q

Describe: Populations

A

Dynamic
Diverse
Heterogenous

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5
Q

How do you calculate the birth rate for a particular year?

A

Live births in year x/mid-year population

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6
Q

How do you calculate the fertility rate?

A

Live births/women of reproductive age per unit time

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7
Q

Why is mid-year population used?

A

Populations are constantly increasing so it is an approximate average (median)

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8
Q

Define: period life expectancy

A

At a given age for an area is the average age a person would live.

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9
Q

Limitations of using period life expectancy

A

It does not allow for:

  • Later changes in mortality
  • People living in different areas for some part of their life
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10
Q

Define: cohort life expectancy

A

Life expectancy calculated using age-specific mortality rates

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11
Q

Benefits of using cohort life expectancy

A

Allows for projected changes in mortality in later years

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12
Q

What would a population pyramid showing rapidly growing population look like?

A

Widening base

Narrowing middle and top

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13
Q

What would a population pyramid showing a slowly growing population look like? And why?

A
  • The bands at the base would be narrower than those in the middle
  • Due to lower fertility rate
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14
Q

What would a population pyramid showing a decreasing population look like?

A
  • Widest in the middle
  • Top would be wider than in a slowly growing population
  • Very narrow base
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15
Q

Define: demographic transition

A

A general pattern of changes in death rates, population growth + birth rates that appear during modernisation

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16
Q

Describe the 4 steps of demographic transition.

A

Stage 1 - high birth + death rates so population size is stable

Stage 2 - decreased death rates, high birth rates so population grows rapidly

Stage 3 - decreased birth rates so population grows slower

Stage 4 - end of transition - birth rate = death rate so population is stable

17
Q

What are the benefits of a lower birth rate for a country?

A 
It produces a demographic dividend - fewer dependents per working adult
More investment into:
- Healthcare
- Education
- Economic development
- Infrastructure
18
Q

Define: sex ratio

A

Number of males per 100 females born

19
Q

Describe: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need

A
  1. Self-actualisation - morality/creativity/problem solving/lack of prejudice
  2. Esteem - confidence/achievement/respect of others
  3. Love/Belonging - friends/family/partners
  4. Safety - security of employment, resources, family, health, property
  5. Physiological - breathing/water/food
20
Q

Define: Normative need

A

Identified according to a norm/set standard that is set by experts

21
Q

Define: Comparative need

A

Problems that emerge by comparison with others who are not in need

22
Q

Define: Felt need

A

Need which people feel from their perspective

23
Q

Define: Expressed need

A

Need which they say they have

24
Q

Define: Demand (in the context of expressed need)

A

Expressing needs they do not feel

25
Q

What factors constitute: need

A

Cultural determinants
Genetics
Research agenda
Lifestyle

26
Q

What factors constitute: demand

A

Media
Medical influences
Social, cultural, educational influences

27
Q

What factors constitute: supply

A

Public + political pressure

Historical patterns, inertia, momentum

28
Q

Give an example of: need, but no demand or supply

A

Family planning + contraceptive services are needed in low income countries to improve women’s reproductive health

29
Q

Give an example of: demand, but no need or supply

A

Patients demanding expectorants for coughs/colds

30
Q

Give an example of: supply, but no need or demand

A

Routine health checks in people 75+ years are not usually requested but some GPs provide them, even though the benefits are not effective

31
Q

Give an example of: demand + supply, but no need

A

People request + are prescribed sleeping tablets for insomnia, but long-term is not effective (no need)

32
Q

Give an example of: need + supply, but no demand

A

Not all healthcare staff have the Hep B vaccine (supply but no demand) even though it is an effective preventative measure (need)

33
Q

Give an example of: need + demand + supply

A

People with insulin-dependent diabetes demand insulin, it is effective (need) and it is supplied

34
Q

Define: health needs assessment

A

A systematic method for reviewing the health issues facing a population, leading to agreed priorities + resource allocation that will improve + reduce inequalities

35
Q

Why is assessment needed?

A

It is the 1st step to improve population’s health
It can identify causes of health inequalities
It raises understanding of local health problems

36
Q

What is the 1st step in process for a health needs assessment?

A

Define population of whose needs you wish to assess
Usually geographical
Can include gender, age, ethnicity

37
Q

What is another step in process for health needs assessment?

A 
Identify stakeholders
Examples:
- Public/patients - patient support groups
- NHS England
- Local government
- NHS providers - GPs, hospitals
38
Q

Why is identifying stakeholders in a health needs assessment important?

A

Brings expertise + resources

39
Q

What are the 3 types of health needs assessment?

A
  1. Epidemiological - measure health status of population
  2. Comparative - compare with service provision in similar populations
  3. Corporate - ask experts

I&P Year 2 (11 decks)

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