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D.Kurry Epidemiology KCUMB > Measures of association > Flashcards

Measures of association Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q
A

A. a total of 100 pateints…..

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3
Q

Interprete the raio of white to other

A
  1. compare
  2. direction
  3. magnitude
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4
Q

What is the Number Needed to Treat (NNT)?

A
  • So how many patients need to be treated to reduce harm
  • 1/ARR
    • So if 1/.127 (12.7%) = 8 people need to be treated with drug to reduce 1 HSE
    • Take the difference in Risks b/w 2 groups, and place that difference in decimal form in denominator BELOW value of 8
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5
Q

When you see absoulte think about _________. When you see relative think about ___________ .

A

Subtraction

Divison

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6
Q

What is incidence, risk, prevelence, and risk raitio?

A
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7
Q

why do we round up NNT/NNH?

A

because you cant treat half a person.

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8
Q
  1. What is counter factual theory?
A
  1. All else being equal and using the same group, what if the exposure didn’t occur
  2. Getting a group as close as possible to the tested group. one that is almost as similiar as it but maybe only has the tested variable thats nonexposed (is the only noticible change)
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9
Q

What are odds?

A

its s a ratio

Fruency of an exposure vs frequncy of not being exposed

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10
Q

What is an Odds Ratio? “OR”

A

Raito of the odds odds from two DIFFERENT groups

OR = odds of expoure (in HSE) / odds of exposure (in non HSE)

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11
Q

true or false: If the ratio b/w y and X is 1.98 : 1 , you would say that Y is 98% higher or more likely than X

A

TRUUUUUUUUUUUU

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12
Q
A

D.

Groupm comparison: Rampril (651) vs. placebo (826)

Direction: RR is given and is .078. It is less than 1 so REDUCED/DECREASED

magnitude: (1 - .78 ) * 100% = 22%

*placebo = always in denominator

Compared (in realtion) to …….. then denominator

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13
Q

Interprete the ratio of white to hispanic

A
  1. Compare
  2. directions
  3. magnitude
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14
Q

What does a 2x2 table look like?

A

Exposure/treatment

Disease

Outcome

Total

Yes

No

TOT

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15
Q

What is an odds and odds ratio? “OR”

A

oFREQUENCYof an outcome Occurringvs.NOT occurring

Frequency of Exposure vs.frequency of NOTbeing exposed

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16
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A
17
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A
18
Q

What is risk? (first define in your own words and then use a 2x2 table to elaborate)

A
  1. Probability of outcome of HSE in an individual group
  2. Exposed vs Non exposed
  3. Probability of Outcome in Exposed group: A/(A+B)
  4. Probability of outcome for NonExposed: C(C+D)
19
Q

What is relative risk reduction (RRR)?

A

= (ARR / Risk unexposed)

” relatve reduction when recieving an RRR less than Risk (nonexposed)”

20
Q

What is a forest plot used for?

A

It is a visual repersention of ratios. With an equalness line runing down the middle repersenting a 1:1 ratio

21
Q

What is absolute difference?

A

Subtracting and taking then absolute value of that number

22
Q

What happens to NNT value when difference between the groups increases?

A

NNT gets smaller.

Use (NNT/NNH)

23
Q
A
24
Q
A
25
Q

Why do we now use relations like NNT/NNH?

A

Allows us to communicate effectively to our patients

26
Q
A

A. 0.76

27
Q
A

A

28
Q

IF the comparison groups were switched so that it was placebo compared to ramprin would the numbers change?

A

yep

29
Q

What is the best way to compare groups?

A
  1. To evaluate the SAME group with and without exposure. However, it’s finding a group that is similar as the exposed group as possible
  2. Assume that there exchangeable on all other factors than the tested one.
    1. Exchangeability = comparability
30
Q

interprete the ratio of white to unknown

A
  1. Comparisons
  2. Direction
  3. magntude
31
Q

What is attributle differences

A

not finsihed

32
Q
A
33
Q

What is Risk Ratio “relative Risk” “RR”?

A

RR = Exposed Risk of HSE

Non Exposed Risk of HSE

34
Q

Intreprete the ratio of white to black.

A
  1. Comparisons
  2. direction
  3. magnitude
35
Q

What is absolute risk reduction (ARR) ?

A
  • How much “the Absolute” or “the certain” cause changes risk b/w exposed and non exposed groups
  • It’s the same as Attributable Risk Reduction. However because of the counter factual theory we cant use the same exact group (because they have already been exposed) only one that is exchangeable.
  • | Risk(exposed) – Risk (UnExposed) | = ARR
36
Q

The absolute differences wll tend to be than relative difference

A

Smaller

37
Q

What is Attributable Risk/Proportion “AR”

A
  • The AR defines the Risk Difference of outcome attributed or probably causation to exposure difference b/w groups. The difference b/w the word “absolute” and “relative” is because our groups are exchangeable.
  • | Riske(exposed) – Risk (UnExposed) | = A

D.Kurry Epidemiology KCUMB (14 decks)

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