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D.Kurry Epidemiology KCUMB > Descriptive Epidemiology & measures of Disease frequency > Flashcards

Descriptive Epidemiology & measures of Disease frequency Flashcards

1
Q

What are The three Ws of desciptive Epidemiology?

What are two ws onf anayltical epidemiology?

A

Who when where

Why how

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2
Q

Distribution of diseases

A

Frequencies of disease occurrences and patterns of diseases patterns - 3 aspects person, place, and time

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3
Q

DescriptiveEpidemiology can be used to know if a location is experiencing disease occurrence more frequently _________________ or more than other locations

A

than usual

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4
Q

What are 3 types of surveillance?

A

Passive, Active , and Syndromic.

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5
Q

What is passive surveillance system?

A

Relies on healthcare system to follow regulations on required reportable diseases/conditions

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6
Q

What is active surveillance system?

A

Public health care officials go into communities to search for new disease/condition cases

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7
Q

What is Syndromic Surveillance system?

A

A system that looks for pre-defined signs/symptoms of patents related to trackable but rare diseases or conditions

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8
Q

Wha tis an induction (incubation) period?

A

Time b/w exposure to onset of disease symp. .

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9
Q

What is latenacy peroid?

A
  • Time between Onset of Disease & Disease Detection (symptoms or diagnosis)
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10
Q

Know this?

A
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11
Q

What do you think is the most criticalelement that must be defined/delineatedBEFOREany of the ‘Who’ of descriptive epidemiology can be acquired?

A

Case definition

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12
Q

What is Case definition?

A

A set of uniform criteria used to define a disease/condition for public health surveillance

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13
Q

What is the NNDSS?

A

CDC’s National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System

List of reportable conditions varies by state, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) recommends that state health departments report cases of selected diseases to them

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14
Q

What is epidemic?

A

Occurrence of disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy

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15
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

An epidemic limited to a localized increase in the occurrence of disease

Sometimes interchanged with ‘Cluster’

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16
Q

What is endemic?

A

The constant presence of a disease within a given area or population in excess of normal levels in other areas

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17
Q

What is an Emergency of International Concern

A

An epidemic that alerts the world to the need for high vigilance (pre-pandemic labeling)

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18
Q

What is pandemic?

A

An epidemic spread world-wide (global health impact)

Multi-national / Multi-continent

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19
Q

What is an epidemic curve?

A

a graphical repersentation depiction created usingoutbreak/epidemic reflecting the # of cases; by date

IT MUST INCORPORATE ALL 3 ELEMENTS OF DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMOLOGY

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20
Q

What is a sentinal case?

A

The first case in epidemic curve

21
Q
  • What is a Attack Rate (Incidence Proportion)
A
  • Proportion of population that gets HSE from an outbreak
22
Q
  • What is Case Fatality Rate ( a proportion)
A
  • # deaths due to a specific HSE / # of cases of dieases
23
Q
  • What is a Cause-specific Morbidity Rate
A

of Persons with cause-specific disease/# of persons in population

24
Q

What is a Cause-Specific Mortality Rate

A

of cause-specific deaths/# of persons in population

25
Q

What is a Crude Mortality Rate

A

of Deaths (all causes)/# of persons in population

26
Q

What is a Crude Morbidity Rate

A

of Persons with Disease/# of persons in population

27
Q

What is a Cause-Specific Survival Rate

A

of cause-specific cases alive/# of cases of disease

28
Q

What is a Proportional Mortality Rate (PMR)

A

of cause-specific deaths/total # of deaths in population

29
Q

Describe the similarities &differences between theCase-Fatality Rate, theCause-Specific Mortality Rate, and the Proportional Mortality Rate?

What is the Numerator for each?

oWhat is the Denominator for each?

A

of cause- specfic deaths

Case-Fatality Rate = tot # of that specfic diease

Cause-Specific Mortality Rate = Tot # of indivduals in population

Proportional Mortality Rate = tot # of deaths inpopulation

30
Q

What is Live Birth-Rate (usually per year)

A

o# of live births/1,000population

31
Q

What is Fertility Rate(usually per year)

A

o# of live births/1,000women of childbearing age (15-44)

32
Q

What is Neonatal Mortality Rate(usually per year)

A

o# of deaths in those <28 days of age/1,000live births

33
Q

What is Postnatal Mortality Rate(usually per year)

A

of deaths in those ≥28 days but <1 year of age/1,000live births

34
Q

What is Infant Mortality Rate(usually per year)

A

of deaths in those <1 year of age/1,000live births

35
Q

What is Maternal Mortality Ratio

A

of female deaths related to pregnancy/100,000live births

36
Q

What are the 3 factors necessary to appropriately compare disease frequencies in different populations.

A
  1. # of people affected/ impacted (frequency/ count)
  2. Size of source population or those at risk

Length of time that the population is followed

37
Q
  • What is Cumulative Incidence
A
  • Sum of incidence, attack risk, risk over a multitude time periods
38
Q
  • What is Incidence Density
A
  • Summed incidence densities over a certain time period
39
Q
  • What is Pathogenicity
A
  • individuals (proportion) who developed clinically observable disease related to virsus / number of people w/ virus
40
Q
  • What is Proportion
A
  • Part to whole
  • 2 RELATED TERMS
41
Q
  • What is a Rate
A

A Proportion (%) with timeincorporated into the denominator; A MEASURE OF RISK

42
Q
  • What is a Ratio
A

Division of 2 unrelatednumbers

Numerator is not part of the denominator

43
Q

What is a Proportion

A

Division of 2 relatednumbers•Numerator is a subset of the denominator

44
Q

What is incidence?

A
45
Q

What to do when we are evaluating a population in which it would be near-impossible to determine who IS and who ISN’T at risk during known time?

A

Example:The entire state of MO

46
Q

What is incidence rate?

A
47
Q

What prevelence? (including peroid, and point)

A
48
Q

There are several dozenepidemiological mathematical expressions of measures of disease frequency that are simply a

A

RATIO,

PROPORTION,

or a

RATE

49
Q
A

D.Kurry Epidemiology KCUMB (14 decks)

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