Descriptive Epidemiology & measures of Disease frequency

Question 1

What are The three Ws of desciptive Epidemiology?

What are two ws onf anayltical epidemiology?

Answer 1

Who when where

Why how

Question 2

Distribution of diseases

Answer 2

Frequencies of disease occurrences and patterns of diseases patterns - 3 aspects person, place, and time

Question 3

DescriptiveEpidemiology can be used to know if a location is experiencing disease occurrence more frequently _________________ or more than other locations

Answer 3

than usual

Question 4

What are 3 types of surveillance?

Answer 4

Passive, Active , and Syndromic.

Question 5

What is passive surveillance system?

Answer 5

Relies on healthcare system to follow regulations on required reportable diseases/conditions

Question 6

What is active surveillance system?

Answer 6

Public health care officials go into communities to search for new disease/condition cases

Question 7

What is Syndromic Surveillance system?

Answer 7

A system that looks for pre-defined signs/symptoms of patents related to trackable but rare diseases or conditions

Question 8

Wha tis an induction (incubation) period?

Answer 8

Time b/w exposure to onset of disease symp. .

Question 9

What is latenacy peroid?

Answer 9

• Time between Onset of Disease & Disease Detection (symptoms or diagnosis)

Question 10

Know this?

Answer 10

Question 11

What do you think is the most criticalelement that must be defined/delineatedBEFOREany of the ‘Who’ of descriptive epidemiology can be acquired?

Answer 11

Case definition

Question 12

What is Case definition?

Answer 12

A set of uniform criteria used to define a disease/condition for public health surveillance

Question 13

What is the NNDSS?

Answer 13

CDC’s National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System

List of reportable conditions varies by state, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) recommends that state health departments report cases of selected diseases to them

Question 14

What is epidemic?

Answer 14

Occurrence of disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy

Question 15

What is an outbreak?

Answer 15

An epidemic limited to a localized increase in the occurrence of disease

Sometimes interchanged with ‘Cluster’

Question 16

What is endemic?

Answer 16

The constant presence of a disease within a given area or population in excess of normal levels in other areas

Question 17

What is an Emergency of International Concern

Answer 17

An epidemic that alerts the world to the need for high vigilance (pre-pandemic labeling)

Question 18

What is pandemic?

Answer 18

An epidemic spread world-wide (global health impact)

Multi-national / Multi-continent

Question 19

What is an epidemic curve?

Answer 19

a graphical repersentation depiction created usingoutbreak/epidemic reflecting the # of cases; by date

IT MUST INCORPORATE ALL 3 ELEMENTS OF DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMOLOGY

Question 20

What is a sentinal case?

Answer 20

The first case in epidemic curve

Question 21

• What is a Attack Rate (Incidence Proportion)

Answer 21

• Proportion of population that gets HSE from an outbreak

Question 22

• What is Case Fatality Rate ( a proportion)

Answer 22

• # deaths due to a specific HSE / # of cases of dieases

Question 23

• What is a Cause-specific Morbidity Rate

Answer 23

of Persons with cause-specific disease/# of persons in population

Question 24

What is a Cause-Specific Mortality Rate

Answer 24

of cause-specific deaths/# of persons in population

Question 25

What is a Crude Mortality Rate

Answer 25

of Deaths (all causes)/# of persons in population

Question 26

What is a Crude Morbidity Rate

Answer 26

of Persons with Disease/# of persons in population

Question 27

What is a Cause-Specific Survival Rate

Answer 27

of cause-specific cases alive/# of cases of disease

Question 28

What is a Proportional Mortality Rate (PMR)

Answer 28

of cause-specific deaths/total # of deaths in population

Question 29

Describe the similarities &differences between theCase-Fatality Rate, theCause-Specific Mortality Rate, and the Proportional Mortality Rate? What is the Numerator for each? oWhat is the Denominator for each?

Answer 29

of cause- specfic deaths Case-Fatality Rate = tot # of that specfic diease Cause-Specific Mortality Rate = Tot # of indivduals in population Proportional Mortality Rate = tot # of deaths inpopulation

Question 30

What is Live Birth-Rate (usually per year)

Answer 30

o# of live births/1,000population

Question 31

What is Fertility Rate(usually per year)

Answer 31

o# of live births/1,000women of childbearing age (15-44)

Question 32

What is Neonatal Mortality Rate(usually per year)

Answer 32

o# of deaths in those \<28 days of age/1,000live births

Question 33

What is Postnatal Mortality Rate(usually per year)

Answer 33

of deaths in those ≥28 days but \<1 year of age/1,000live births

Question 34

What is Infant Mortality Rate(usually per year)

Answer 34

of deaths in those \<1 year of age/1,000live births

Question 35

What is Maternal Mortality Ratio

Answer 35

of female deaths related to pregnancy/100,000live births

Question 36

What are the 3 factors necessary to appropriately compare disease frequencies in different populations.

Answer 36

1. # of people affected/ impacted (frequency/ count) 2. Size of source population or those at risk Length of time that the population is followed

Question 37

* What is Cumulative Incidence

Answer 37

* Sum of incidence, attack risk, risk over a multitude time periods

Question 38

* What is Incidence Density

Answer 38

* Summed incidence densities over a certain time period

Question 39

* What is Pathogenicity

Answer 39

* individuals (proportion) who developed clinically observable disease related to virsus / number of people w/ virus

Question 40

* What is Proportion

Answer 40

* Part to whole * 2 RELATED TERMS

Question 41

* What is a Rate

Answer 41

A Proportion (%) with timeincorporated into the denominator; A MEASURE OF RISK

Question 42

* What is a Ratio

Answer 42

Division of 2 unrelatednumbers Numerator is not part of the denominator

Question 43

What is a Proportion

Answer 43

Division of 2 relatednumbers•Numerator is a subset of the denominator

Question 44

What is incidence?

Answer 44

Question 45

What to do when we are evaluating a population in which it would be near-impossible to determine who IS and who ISN’T at risk during known time?

Answer 45

Example:The entire state of MO

Question 46

What is incidence rate?

Answer 46

Question 47

What prevelence? (including peroid, and point)

Answer 47

Question 48

There are several dozenepidemiological mathematical expressions of measures of disease frequency that are simply a

Answer 48

RATIO, PROPORTION, or a RATE