Descriptive Epidemiology & measures of Disease frequency Flashcards
What are The three Ws of desciptive Epidemiology?
What are two ws onf anayltical epidemiology?
Who when where
Why how
Distribution of diseases
Frequencies of disease occurrences and patterns of diseases patterns - 3 aspects person, place, and time
DescriptiveEpidemiology can be used to know if a location is experiencing disease occurrence more frequently _________________ or more than other locations
than usual
What are 3 types of surveillance?
Passive, Active , and Syndromic.
What is passive surveillance system?
Relies on healthcare system to follow regulations on required reportable diseases/conditions
What is active surveillance system?
Public health care officials go into communities to search for new disease/condition cases
What is Syndromic Surveillance system?
A system that looks for pre-defined signs/symptoms of patents related to trackable but rare diseases or conditions
Wha tis an induction (incubation) period?
Time b/w exposure to onset of disease symp. .
What is latenacy peroid?
- Time between Onset of Disease & Disease Detection (symptoms or diagnosis)
Know this?
What do you think is the most criticalelement that must be defined/delineatedBEFOREany of the ‘Who’ of descriptive epidemiology can be acquired?
Case definition
What is Case definition?
A set of uniform criteria used to define a disease/condition for public health surveillance
What is the NNDSS?
CDC’s National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System
List of reportable conditions varies by state, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) recommends that state health departments report cases of selected diseases to them
What is epidemic?
Occurrence of disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy
What is an outbreak?
An epidemic limited to a localized increase in the occurrence of disease
Sometimes interchanged with ‘Cluster’
What is endemic?
The constant presence of a disease within a given area or population in excess of normal levels in other areas
What is an Emergency of International Concern
An epidemic that alerts the world to the need for high vigilance (pre-pandemic labeling)
What is pandemic?
An epidemic spread world-wide (global health impact)
Multi-national / Multi-continent
What is an epidemic curve?
a graphical repersentation depiction created usingoutbreak/epidemic reflecting the # of cases; by date
IT MUST INCORPORATE ALL 3 ELEMENTS OF DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMOLOGY
What is a sentinal case?
The first case in epidemic curve
- What is a Attack Rate (Incidence Proportion)
- Proportion of population that gets HSE from an outbreak
- What is Case Fatality Rate ( a proportion)
- # deaths due to a specific HSE / # of cases of dieases
- What is a Cause-specific Morbidity Rate
of Persons with cause-specific disease/# of persons in population
What is a Cause-Specific Mortality Rate
of cause-specific deaths/# of persons in population
What is a Crude Mortality Rate
of Deaths (all causes)/# of persons in population
What is a Crude Morbidity Rate
of Persons with Disease/# of persons in population
What is a Cause-Specific Survival Rate
of cause-specific cases alive/# of cases of disease
What is a Proportional Mortality Rate (PMR)
of cause-specific deaths/total # of deaths in population
Describe the similarities &differences between theCase-Fatality Rate, theCause-Specific Mortality Rate, and the Proportional Mortality Rate?
What is the Numerator for each?
oWhat is the Denominator for each?
of cause- specfic deaths
Case-Fatality Rate = tot # of that specfic diease
Cause-Specific Mortality Rate = Tot # of indivduals in population
Proportional Mortality Rate = tot # of deaths inpopulation
What is Live Birth-Rate (usually per year)
o# of live births/1,000population
What is Fertility Rate(usually per year)
o# of live births/1,000women of childbearing age (15-44)
What is Neonatal Mortality Rate(usually per year)
o# of deaths in those <28 days of age/1,000live births
What is Postnatal Mortality Rate(usually per year)
of deaths in those ≥28 days but <1 year of age/1,000live births
What is Infant Mortality Rate(usually per year)
of deaths in those <1 year of age/1,000live births
What is Maternal Mortality Ratio
of female deaths related to pregnancy/100,000live births
What are the 3 factors necessary to appropriately compare disease frequencies in different populations.
- # of people affected/ impacted (frequency/ count)
- Size of source population or those at risk
Length of time that the population is followed
- What is Cumulative Incidence
- Sum of incidence, attack risk, risk over a multitude time periods
- What is Incidence Density
- Summed incidence densities over a certain time period
- What is Pathogenicity
- individuals (proportion) who developed clinically observable disease related to virsus / number of people w/ virus
- What is Proportion
- Part to whole
- 2 RELATED TERMS
- What is a Rate
A Proportion (%) with timeincorporated into the denominator; A MEASURE OF RISK
- What is a Ratio
Division of 2 unrelatednumbers
Numerator is not part of the denominator
What is a Proportion
Division of 2 relatednumbers•Numerator is a subset of the denominator
What is incidence?
What to do when we are evaluating a population in which it would be near-impossible to determine who IS and who ISN’T at risk during known time?
Example:The entire state of MO
What is incidence rate?
What prevelence? (including peroid, and point)
There are several dozenepidemiological mathematical expressions of measures of disease frequency that are simply a
RATIO,
PROPORTION,
or a
RATE
