Measurement Concepts and Theories Related to Learning and Intelligence Flashcards
Premack Principle (contingency learning)
Lower level behavior can be shaped by higher level (desired) behavior.
Example: A student cant play outside (desired behavior) until homework is complete (lower level behavior).
Immediacy
Consequences/rewards should be applied immediately after behavior in order to be an effective reinforcer.
Negative reinforcement
A stimulus is removed (negative) so that a behavior increases (reinforcement).
Example: A student works really hard (behavior that increases) -> Teacher assigns less homework.
Positive reinforcement
A reward is given to increase a behavior.
Fixed ratio reinforcement
A behavior must occur a specific number of times before a reward is given.
Variable ratio reinforcement
The number of times a behavior must occur to receive reward varies. Once the behavior is established by this method it becomes very hard to change.
Example: Gambling
What aspects of behavior are important to measure?
Frequency, duration, and intensity.
Shaping
Creates a behavior by reinforcing approximations of that behavior.
Extinction
Removing the reinforcers/rewards eliminates the problem behavior.
Punishment
Introduction of negative stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Example: Hitting a child when they are loud.
What is intelligence?
The ability to think rationally and act purposefully.
The ability to learn effectively and efficiently.
Relates to the ways in which one comprehends information and applies knowledge.
Das-Naglieri PASS model
Planning
Attention
Simultaneous Processing
Successive Processing
Phonology
System of sounds that a language uses.
Phoneme
Basic unit of a language’s sound or phonetic system.
Smallest sound unit that affects meaning
/s/
Morpheme
Smallest unit of meaning.
Examples: Prefixes, suffixes, or root words.
Semantics
The study of word meanings.
Syntax
Rules or principles that govern sentence structure.
Pragmatics
Rules that govern appropriate language for different contexts.
What is Chomsky’s view of language development?
Children have innate brain structure that helps them with language development.
Universal features of language (subject, verb, object) are innate.
Language is learned in the context of social language, but humans are also biologically prepared for learning to speak.
Broca’s area
Supports grammatical processing, and expressive language production.
Located in frontal portion of left hemisphere.
Wernicke’s area
Supports word meaning comprehension and receptive language.
Located in medial temporal lobe.
Formative Assessment
Tests that measure a student’s strengths and weaknesses.
Used for benchmarking.
Summative Assessment
Provide a review and summary of a persons accomplishments. (final exam_)
Achievement Tests
Describe the skills a person has learned in school (reading, writing, math).
Standard Score
Mean: 100
SD: 15
Average range: 85-115
Z Score
Mean: 0
SD: 1
Average: -1 - 1
T Score
Mean: 50
SD: 10
Average: 40-60
Scaled Score
Mean: 10
SD: 3
Average: 7-13
Stanine
Mean: 5
Each unit is .5 SD
