Developmental Theories

Question 1

Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)

Answer 1

0-2 years

Involves motor actions and senses.

Children learn that objects exist separately from them and that they can manipulate objects. (object permanence)

Question 2

Preoperational Stage (Piaget)

Answer 2

2-7 years

Symbolic function emerges. Children develop ability to make something stand for something else.

Imaginary play.

Question 3

Concrete Operational (Piaget)

Answer 3

7-11 years

Children learn to think about more than one dimension. Gain understanding of conservation and ability to think deeper and logically

Question 4

Formal Operational (Piaget)

Answer 4

11+ years

Complex abstract thought. Hypothetical and deductive reasoning.

Children perform mental operations on ideas or imagined situations.

Question 5

Piaget’s theory

Answer 5

Learning is active, children construct knowledge as they explore their environment and world.

Question 6

Erikson’s theory

Answer 6

Humans confront specific challenges at a given age range. Whether or not they mange the challenge directly influences their positive or negative development at that stage.

Question 7

Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

Answer 7

0-18 months.

Infants need sufficient trust with caregiver in order to explore world. Parents need to be warm, loving, and attentive to basic needs.

Question 8

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson)

Answer 8

18 mo-3 years

Children develop confidence in their abilities. Begin to do things for themselves and recognize that they can control their behavior.

Question 9

Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)

Answer 9

3-5 years

Children begin taking initiative in play and choosing activities. Imaginary play develops.

Question 10

Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)

Answer 10

6-12 years

Success or failure in school has lasting effects on self-efficacy and sense of adequacy.

Children learn a sense of industry if they are recognized for their abilities.

Question 11

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)

Answer 11

13-18 years

Develop a sense of identity, sense of self, and strong ego. Peers, role models, and social pressure are factors associated with this stage.

Question 12

Bandura’s Social Learning theory.

Answer 12

Children learn through social interactions. They observe and learn vicariously. They select what behaviors they imitate based on how the behavior was recieved.

Bobo doll study!

Question 13

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Answer 13

Realization of higher levels are dependent on lower level needs being supported.

Question 14

Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory

Answer 14

Id: Maximizes pleasure and satisfies needs immediately.

Ego: Rational. Gratifies needs through appropriate behaviors.

Superego: Conscience. Develops when child accepts/absorbs morals, values, and roles.

Question 15

Kohlberg’s stages of Moral Development

Answer 15

Preconventional: Behavior is based on desire to avoid punishment, and earn rewards.

Conventional: Behavior is designed to acquire approval of others and maintain social relations.

Postconventional: Behavior controlled by internal ethical code that is relatively independent of the approval of others.