Academic Interventions and Instructional Supports

Question 1

Critical features of effective PBIS programs

Answer 1

1. Clear and consistent schoolwide expectations.
2. Specifically teach schoolwide expectations to all students.
3. Acknowledge students for demonstrating expected behaviors.
4. Develop clear and consistent consequences to respond to infractions and violations.
5. Use objective data to evaluate schoolwide efforts.

Question 2

Ethical principles of counseling

Answer 2

1. Obtain parental consent when necessary
2. Inform students of confidentiality and exceptions to it.
3. Explicit goals should be stated and goals should be progress monitored.

Question 3

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Answer 3

Thoughts influence feelings and ultimately control behavior.

One of the most highly effective interventions supported by research.

Intervention occurs at faulty beliefs (cognition) and then moves to role play of more appropriate behaviors.

Question 4

Cognitive Therapy

Answer 4

Emphasis on cognition and beliefs. Try to get student to understand and think about the connection between behaviors and consequences.

Question 5

Solution-Focused Counseling

Answer 5

Related to CBT. Very brief and focused on stated outcomes.

Question 6

Behavioral/Behaviorism techniques

Answer 6

Basis of FBA. Behavior is shaped and maintained by the consequences of one’s actions.

Question 7

Humanistic approaches

Answer 7

Developed by Maslow/Rogers.

Behavior change cannot occur without a strong positive rapport built on unconditional positive regard and empathy. Students want to be understood by a trusted adult before they can move to change their lives.

Question 8

Bibliotherapy

Answer 8

Cognitive intervention. Student relates to a character in a story to learn a lesson or skill that will be applicable to a student’s current situation.

Question 9

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Answer 9

Attempts to build skills related to mindfulness, stress tolerance, interpersonal skills (assertiveness), and emotional regulation.

Question 10

Motivational Interviewing

Answer 10

Student-centered, goal-oriented approach designed to increase intrinsic motivation of the student.

Question 11

Premack Principle

Answer 11

Desirable tasks can reinforce a lower-level task.

Example: A child can eat a cookie if they finish their homework first.

Question 12

Social Learning Theory

Answer 12

People learn through observation.

Bandura (bobo experiment).

Question 13

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

Answer 13

1. Preconventional stage (behavior motivated by avoidance of punishment)
2. Conventional stage (conformity to social norms and approval of others)
3. Postconventional stage (high ethics and moral principles of conscience)

Question 14

Piaget’s stages

Answer 14

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete

Formal

Question 15

Erikson’s stages

Answer 15

Trust v. Mistrust

Autonomy v. Shame

Initiative v. Guilt

Industry v. Inferiority

Identity v. Role Confusion

Question 16

Id vs Ego vs Superego

Answer 16

Id = Instinct
Ego = Mediator
Superego = Moral Conscience