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MD3001 > MD3001 Week 9 > Flashcards

MD3001 Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

atelectasis

A

term for collapse of the lung

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2
Q

signs of pulmonary oedema on x-ray

A 
A - alveolar oedema (bats wings)
B - Kerley B lines
C - cardiomegaly
D - upper lobe diversion
E - pleural effusion
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3
Q

pKa for carbonic acid/bicarbonate

A

pKa for this is 6.1

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4
Q

normal plasma HCO3 concentration

A

concentration in normal blood pH is 24.5mmol

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5
Q

mechanisms of resistance to b-lactams (3)

A
  1. destruction by b-lactamase
  2. failure to reach target enzyme
  3. failure to bind to transpeptidase
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6
Q

2 b-lactamase inhibitors

A
  1. clavulanic acid

2. salbactam

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7
Q

a cyclic peptide antibiotic

A

bacitracin

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8
Q

what does trimethoprim prevent being made?

A

this drug prevents formation of tetrahydrofolic acid

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9
Q

which antibiotic causes bad diarrhea

A

clindamycin can have this side effect

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10
Q

which ribosome inhibitor causes incorrect mRNA reading?

A

streptomycin (aminoglycoside)

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11
Q

side effects of streptomycin (3)

A
  1. renal toxicity
  2. ototoxicity
  3. neuromuscular block
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12
Q

which ribosome inhibitor causes the most side effects?

A

tetracyclines have this characteristic

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13
Q

subunits of topoisomerase (2)

A
  1. ParC

2. ParE

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14
Q

3 fluoroquinolone

A
  1. ciprofloxacin
  2. nalidixic acid
  3. norfloxacin
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15
Q

an antiprotozoal agent

A

metronidazole

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16
Q

what difficulties could a patient experience with hospitalization? (

A
  1. entering the role of patient
  2. loss of control
  3. depersonalization
  4. institutionalization
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17
Q

stages of separation (3)

A
  1. protest
  2. despair
  3. detachment
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18
Q

attenuated vaccine

A

vaccine with a live organism with reduced ability to replicate and cause disease

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19
Q

what vaccines are given at 2/3/4 months old? (2)

A
  1. DTaP/IPV/Hib

2. MecC

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20
Q

what do vaccines want to target on dendritic cells

A

vaccines want to target pattern recognition receptors (members of toll-like receptors) on these cells

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21
Q

common microbiota of the RT (4)

A
  1. bactericides
  2. candida
  3. oral strep
  4. haemophilia influenzae
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22
Q

most common virus causing common cold

A

rhinovirus is the most common cause of this RTI

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23
Q

kissing disease

A

colloquial term for epstein barr virus

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24
Q

most common cause of tonsillitis

A

most common cause of this RTI is strep pyogenes

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25
what type of bacteria is streptococcus pyogenes and what disease can it cause?
this gram positive coccus can cause scarlet fever
26
what is known as the mumps virus?
parotitis is known by this colloquial name
27
how is parotitis transmitted?
this RTI is transmitted by droplet spread and fomites
28
treatment for parotitis (3)
1. mouth care 2. nutritional 3. analgesia
29
what organism is acute epiglottis caused by?
this RTI is caused by haemophilus influenzae
30
what type of bacteria are haemophilus influenza and legionella pneumophila
2 gram negative bacilli
31
unique clinical features of diptheria
- pseudomembrane | - oedema of anterior cervical tissue (bull-neck)
32
toxins of corynebacterium diphtheriae
``` subunit A (active) subunit B (binding) ```
33
4 viruses that can cause laryngitis/tracheitis
1. parainfluenza virus 2. respiratory syncytial virus 3. influenza virus 4. adenovirus
34
2 stages of whooping cough
1. catarrhal (1 week) | 2. paroxysmal (1-4 weeks)
35
feature of paroxysmal stage of whooping cough
bouts of coughing with a classic inspiratory "whoop"
36
what microbiota causes whooping cough?
bordetella pertussis causes this RTI
37
what type of bacterium is bordetella pertussis?
gram negative aerobic coccobacillus
38
toxic factors of bordetella pertussis (4)
1. pertussis toxin 2. adenylate cyclase toxin 3. tracheal cytotoxin 4. endotoxin
39
most likely microbiota causing bronchiolitis
respiratory syncytial virus most likely causes this RTI
40
virus that most commonly causes pneumonia
influenza virus is the most common viral cause of this RTI (other than influenza)
41
anatomical classifications of pneumonia (4)
1. lobar 2. broncho 3. institital 4. necrotising
42
2 most common microbiota causing atypical pneumonia
1. mycoplasma pneumoniae | 2. legionella pneumophilia
43
unique feature of measles
Koplik's spots are found in this disease
44
endemic
term describing disease that is present in a community at all times
45
describe the 3 types of influenza
A: epidemics + pandemics B: epidemics C: minor respiratory illness
46
antigens on cell surface of influenza (2)
1. hemagglutinin | 2. neuraminidase
47
what type of DNA does influenza virus have?
this RTI causing virus has single-stranded RNA
48
recombination between multiple virus strains, producing a new virus
antigenic shift
49
how is SARS transmitted (3)?
1. droplet 2. faeces 3. infected animals
50
what microbiotum causes SARS?
coronavirus causes this RTI
51
acid-fast bacillus
unique characteristic of mycobacterium tuberculosis
52
2 dyes used to detect TB
1. auramine | 2. ziehl-neelsen
53
Reasons why NHS continues becoming overstretched
- increased life expectancy - increase cost of treatment - patients' expectations increased - increase cost of salaries
54
bronchiole cells
these cells of respiratory tract are cuboidal
55
4 possible technology appraisal recommendations
1. recommended for use in NHS 2. restricted use to certain patients 3. use confined to clinical trials 4. should not be used in NHS
56
what type of lung cancer is neuroendocrine?
small cell undifferentiated carcinoma has this origin
57
what cancer cell protein causes lymphocyte death?
program death ligand 1
58
what cancer does asbestos cause?
mesothelioma is caused by this irritant
59
normal tissue PCO2 value
4.5-5.6kPa
60
bicarbonate
22-26mmol/L
61
standard bicarbonate
bicarbonate calculated from actual bicarbonate but assuming 37C and PCO2 of 5.3kPa
62
what condition can be caused by O2 toxicity?
retinopathy of prematurity can be caused by this
63
normal FiO2
20.9%
64
compare arterial PO2 to FiO2 (fraction of inspired O2)
arterial PO2 is 2/3 this
65
normal P/F ratio
P/F ratio >50
66
P/F ratio of acute lung injury
P/F ratio <40
67
cardiac tamponade
fluid in pericardium

MD3001 (10 decks)

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