MD3001 Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

atelectasis

A

term for collapse of the lung

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2
Q

signs of pulmonary oedema on x-ray

A
A - alveolar oedema (bats wings)
B - Kerley B lines
C - cardiomegaly
D - upper lobe diversion
E - pleural effusion
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3
Q

pKa for carbonic acid/bicarbonate

A

pKa for this is 6.1

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4
Q

normal plasma HCO3 concentration

A

concentration in normal blood pH is 24.5mmol

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5
Q

mechanisms of resistance to b-lactams (3)

A
  1. destruction by b-lactamase
  2. failure to reach target enzyme
  3. failure to bind to transpeptidase
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6
Q

2 b-lactamase inhibitors

A
  1. clavulanic acid

2. salbactam

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7
Q

a cyclic peptide antibiotic

A

bacitracin

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8
Q

what does trimethoprim prevent being made?

A

this drug prevents formation of tetrahydrofolic acid

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9
Q

which antibiotic causes bad diarrhea

A

clindamycin can have this side effect

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10
Q

which ribosome inhibitor causes incorrect mRNA reading?

A

streptomycin (aminoglycoside)

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11
Q

side effects of streptomycin (3)

A
  1. renal toxicity
  2. ototoxicity
  3. neuromuscular block
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12
Q

which ribosome inhibitor causes the most side effects?

A

tetracyclines have this characteristic

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13
Q

subunits of topoisomerase (2)

A
  1. ParC

2. ParE

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14
Q

3 fluoroquinolone

A
  1. ciprofloxacin
  2. nalidixic acid
  3. norfloxacin
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15
Q

an antiprotozoal agent

A

metronidazole

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16
Q

what difficulties could a patient experience with hospitalization? (

A
  1. entering the role of patient
  2. loss of control
  3. depersonalization
  4. institutionalization
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17
Q

stages of separation (3)

A
  1. protest
  2. despair
  3. detachment
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18
Q

attenuated vaccine

A

vaccine with a live organism with reduced ability to replicate and cause disease

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19
Q

what vaccines are given at 2/3/4 months old? (2)

A
  1. DTaP/IPV/Hib

2. MecC

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20
Q

what do vaccines want to target on dendritic cells

A

vaccines want to target pattern recognition receptors (members of toll-like receptors) on these cells

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21
Q

common microbiota of the RT (4)

A
  1. bactericides
  2. candida
  3. oral strep
  4. haemophilia influenzae
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22
Q

most common virus causing common cold

A

rhinovirus is the most common cause of this RTI

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23
Q

kissing disease

A

colloquial term for epstein barr virus

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24
Q

most common cause of tonsillitis

A

most common cause of this RTI is strep pyogenes

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25
Q

what type of bacteria is streptococcus pyogenes and what disease can it cause?

A

this gram positive coccus can cause scarlet fever

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26
Q

what is known as the mumps virus?

A

parotitis is known by this colloquial name

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27
Q

how is parotitis transmitted?

A

this RTI is transmitted by droplet spread and fomites

28
Q

treatment for parotitis (3)

A
  1. mouth care
  2. nutritional
  3. analgesia
29
Q

what organism is acute epiglottis caused by?

A

this RTI is caused by haemophilus influenzae

30
Q

what type of bacteria are haemophilus influenza and legionella pneumophila

A

2 gram negative bacilli

31
Q

unique clinical features of diptheria

A
  • pseudomembrane

- oedema of anterior cervical tissue (bull-neck)

32
Q

toxins of corynebacterium diphtheriae

A
subunit A (active)
subunit B (binding)
33
Q

4 viruses that can cause laryngitis/tracheitis

A
  1. parainfluenza virus
  2. respiratory syncytial virus
  3. influenza virus
  4. adenovirus
34
Q

2 stages of whooping cough

A
  1. catarrhal (1 week)

2. paroxysmal (1-4 weeks)

35
Q

feature of paroxysmal stage of whooping cough

A

bouts of coughing with a classic inspiratory “whoop”

36
Q

what microbiota causes whooping cough?

A

bordetella pertussis causes this RTI

37
Q

what type of bacterium is bordetella pertussis?

A

gram negative aerobic coccobacillus

38
Q

toxic factors of bordetella pertussis (4)

A
  1. pertussis toxin
  2. adenylate cyclase toxin
  3. tracheal cytotoxin
  4. endotoxin
39
Q

most likely microbiota causing bronchiolitis

A

respiratory syncytial virus most likely causes this RTI

40
Q

virus that most commonly causes pneumonia

A

influenza virus is the most common viral cause of this RTI (other than influenza)

41
Q

anatomical classifications of pneumonia (4)

A
  1. lobar
  2. broncho
  3. institital
  4. necrotising
42
Q

2 most common microbiota causing atypical pneumonia

A
  1. mycoplasma pneumoniae

2. legionella pneumophilia

43
Q

unique feature of measles

A

Koplik’s spots are found in this disease

44
Q

endemic

A

term describing disease that is present in a community at all times

45
Q

describe the 3 types of influenza

A

A: epidemics + pandemics
B: epidemics
C: minor respiratory illness

46
Q

antigens on cell surface of influenza (2)

A
  1. hemagglutinin

2. neuraminidase

47
Q

what type of DNA does influenza virus have?

A

this RTI causing virus has single-stranded RNA

48
Q

recombination between multiple virus strains, producing a new virus

A

antigenic shift

49
Q

how is SARS transmitted (3)?

A
  1. droplet
  2. faeces
  3. infected animals
50
Q

what microbiotum causes SARS?

A

coronavirus causes this RTI

51
Q

acid-fast bacillus

A

unique characteristic of mycobacterium tuberculosis

52
Q

2 dyes used to detect TB

A
  1. auramine

2. ziehl-neelsen

53
Q

Reasons why NHS continues becoming overstretched

A
  • increased life expectancy
  • increase cost of treatment
  • patients’ expectations increased
  • increase cost of salaries
54
Q

bronchiole cells

A

these cells of respiratory tract are cuboidal

55
Q

4 possible technology appraisal recommendations

A
  1. recommended for use in NHS
  2. restricted use to certain patients
  3. use confined to clinical trials
  4. should not be used in NHS
56
Q

what type of lung cancer is neuroendocrine?

A

small cell undifferentiated carcinoma has this origin

57
Q

what cancer cell protein causes lymphocyte death?

A

program death ligand 1

58
Q

what cancer does asbestos cause?

A

mesothelioma is caused by this irritant

59
Q

normal tissue PCO2 value

A

4.5-5.6kPa

60
Q

bicarbonate

A

22-26mmol/L

61
Q

standard bicarbonate

A

bicarbonate calculated from actual bicarbonate but assuming 37C and PCO2 of 5.3kPa

62
Q

what condition can be caused by O2 toxicity?

A

retinopathy of prematurity can be caused by this

63
Q

normal FiO2

A

20.9%

64
Q

compare arterial PO2 to FiO2 (fraction of inspired O2)

A

arterial PO2 is 2/3 this

65
Q

normal P/F ratio

A

P/F ratio >50

66
Q

P/F ratio of acute lung injury

A

P/F ratio <40

67
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

fluid in pericardium