Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD3001 > MD3001 Week 10/11 > Flashcards

MD3001 Week 10/11 Flashcards

1
Q

normal FEV1/FVC

A

> 0.7 is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

lung volume changes in obstructive lung disease

A

this type of lung disease increases residual volume due to lost elasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

lung volume changes in restrictive lung disease

A

this type of lung disease decreases all lung volumes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

common restrictive lung disease

A

sarcoidosis is an example of this type of lung disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define asthma

A

chronic inflammatory disorder of airways in susceptible individuals associated w/ an increase in airway response to variety of stimuli. Reversible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

changes in airway structure in asthma (8)

A
  1. mucous plug
  2. thickened BM
  3. oedematous submucosa
  4. smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia
  5. desquamation of epithelium
  6. cellular infiltration
  7. hyperplasia of mucous gland
  8. neovascularization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define COPD

A

preventable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitations usually progressive and associated w/ chronic inflammatory response in airways and lung to noxious substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

likely cause of early onset COPD w/ emphysema in lower lobe

A

a1 antitrypsin deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a1 antitrypsin

A

enzyme produced in liver that counteracts proteinases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

requirements to acquire domiciliary oxygen therapy

A
  1. patient w/ a PO2 <7.3kPa
  2. stopped smoking
  3. must agree with it breathed for >15h/day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe case control study

A

compare histories of diseased and non-diseased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

advantages of case control study

A
  • simultaneously look at multiple risk factors
  • good for studying rare conditions or diseases
  • useful as initial studies to establish association
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe cohort study

A

follow smokers and non smokers and follow for outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define crossover in EBM

A

each subject receives both intervention and control treatment separated by a washout period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

advantages of RCT

A
  • unbiased distribution of confounders
  • clearly identified pop
  • more likely to be blinded
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

problems associated w/ RCTs

A
  • impossible w/ rare diseases where patients are limited
  • unnecessary when a treatment produces dramatic benefit
  • stopping trials early
  • expensive, lengthly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

common features of inhaled allergens (4)

A
  1. a protein which induce T cell response
  2. low dose which favours IL4 producing CD4
  3. small size so can diffuse
  4. high soluble
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

example of an enzyme as allergen and how it works

A

Der p 1 in faces of house dust mite can cleave tight junctions b/w epithelial cells in airway. Taken up by dendritic cells, presented to T cells, which become Th2, and cause B cells to secrete IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do inhaled allergens affect body?

A

they affect nasal epithelium, causing allergic rhinitis (ie. hay fever)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how do allergens further down airway affect body?

A

cause allergic asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

chronic asthma

A

driven originally by specific allergen, but may result in hyperactive airways to other irritants

22
Q

2 main symptoms of ingested allergens

A
  1. activation of GI mast cells results in transepithelial fluid loss and smooth muscle contraction (diarrhea/vomiting)
  2. if enters bloodstream, urticaria (hives)
23
Q

explain desensitization to treat allergic reaction

A

inject patient w/ escalating doses of allergen to shift Th2 to Th1 T cells so IgG is made instead of IgE

24
Q

how do Helminths control allergy?

A

they induce a set of T cells (Tregs) that actively suppress Th2

25
Q

what is the window for coronary flow?

A

aortic pressure > ventricular pressure

26
Q

what enzyme do triazole drugs inhibit?

A

inhibit 14 a-demethylase

27
Q

side effects of fluconazole (2)

A
  1. hepatotoxicity

2. elongated QT

28
Q

mechanism of action of echinocandins

A

inhibit beta-1,3-d-glucan synthase

29
Q

mechanism of action of terbinofine

A

inhibit ergosterol pathway and makes toxic products that kill fungus

30
Q

first line treatment for invasive candidiasis

A

echinocandins are first line treatment for this fungal infection

31
Q

treatment for vaginal candidiases

A

treated w/ micanazole or fluconazole

32
Q

treatment for oropharyngeal candidiasis

A

nystatin mouthwash

33
Q

treatment for aspergillosis

A
  • voriconazole
  • amphotericin
  • caspofungin, itraconazole, posoconazole
34
Q

treatment for cryptococcal meningitis

A

treated w/ amphotericin w/ flucytosine/fluconazole

35
Q

define resistance

A

when previous susceptible organism no longer inhibited by a clinical safe level of antibiotic

36
Q

what lung capacity is decreased in COPD but not asthma?

A

difference in FVC b/w COPD and asthma

37
Q

minimum inhibitory concentration

A

lowest concentration of an antibiotic that completely inhibits growth of bacterium

38
Q

what defines breakpoint against antibiotic resistance ? (3)

A
  1. distribution of MICs of target bacteria
  2. achievable therapeutic concentration
  3. max achievable concentration
39
Q

type of resistance that can build against ahminoglycosides

A

enzyme inactivation by addition causes resistance to this drug

40
Q

what drugs can bacteria build efflux resistance against? (3)

A
  1. tetracyclines
  2. quinolone
  3. macrolides
41
Q

mechanism of resistance for MRSA

A

gene Mec A in methicillin provides alternate pathway for peptidoglycan synthesis when penicillin binding protein is blocked

42
Q

effect of point mutation in both gyrA and parC

A

this causes high level resistance against quinolone

43
Q

transposons and integrons

A

small segments of DNA that encode their own transmission

44
Q

SABA example

A

salbutamol

45
Q

glucocorticoids (3)

A
  1. beclometasone (inhaler)
  2. predinosolone (oral)
  3. hydrocortisone (IV)
46
Q

theophylline

A

a methylxanthines which inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase

47
Q

treatment for acute severe asthma (3)

A
  1. oxygen
  2. salbutamol or terbutaline plus ipratropium
  3. hydrocortisone or prednisolone
48
Q

example of a SAMA

A

ipratropium

49
Q

sites of immune complex deposition (5)

A
  1. glomeruli
  2. vessel walls: vasculitis
  3. synovial membranes: rheumatoid arthritis
  4. skin: rashes
  5. systemic sites: systemic lupus erythematosus
50
Q

reaction occurring with type IV hypersensitivity

A

delayed type hypersensitivity

51
Q

BMI

A

mass (kg)/height^2 (M^2)

MD3001 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions