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MD3001 > MD3001 Week 8 > Flashcards

MD3001 Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what cavity forms b/w somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

A

intra-embryonic body cavity forms between these two membranes

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2
Q

what does 1st pharyngeal groove become?

A

this develops into external auditory meatus

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3
Q

what two indents form the pharyngeal arches and where do they derive from?

A
  1. pharyngeal grooves/clefts (ectoderm)

2. pharyngeal pouches (endoderm)

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4
Q

where does thyroid gland develop from?

A

this structure develops from the root of the tongue

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5
Q

how does respiratory diverticulum develop?

A

this structure grows from laryngotracheal groove in pharynx in early 4th week - epithelium derived from endoderm, cartilage/vasculature/muscles from mesoderm

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6
Q

what separate lung bud from gut tube?

A

trachea-oesophageal septum

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7
Q

when and how do bronchi develop?

A

they develop from respiratory diverticulum in week 5

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8
Q

4 stages of lung development

A
  1. pseudo glandular
  2. canalicular
  3. terminal saccular
  4. alveolar
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9
Q

describe pseudo glandular stage of lung development

A

stage of lung development at 6-16 weeks where elements up to terminal bronchioles have formed

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10
Q

describe canalicular stage of lung development

A

stage of lung development at 16-26/28 weeks where terminal bronchioles have 2-3 respiratory bronchioles, which branch into 3-6 alveolar ducts

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11
Q

describe terminal saccular stage of lung development

A

stage of lung development at 24/26-36 weeks where thin walled sacs lined by squamous epithelial cells (type 1 pneumocytes) become well vascularized and from 20 weeks) type 2 pneumocytes secrete surfactant

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12
Q

what week can 1000g baby survive?

A

baby at 28 weeks development is this heavy and can survive

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13
Q

how many alveoli does one have?

A

300 million

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14
Q

3 necessities for baby survival

A
  1. alveoli
  2. capillary bed
  3. surfactant
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15
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

insufficient surfactant resulting in collapse of alveolar wall during expiration in newborns

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16
Q

4 sources of origin of diaphragm

A
  1. septum transversum
  2. pleuroperitoneal membranes
  3. mesentery of oesophagus
  4. ingrowth from body wall
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17
Q

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A

absence of pleuroperitoneal membrane, allowing GI to herniate into thorax

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18
Q

where are the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups located?

A

these respiratory centres are in medulla oblongata

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19
Q

pontine centres (2)

A
  1. pneumotaxic centre

2. apneustic centre

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20
Q

outline neural pathway for breathing

A

impulses from thoracic region/lungs/chemoreceptors to DRG via vagus/glossopharyngeal nerves -> leave brain in anterior lateral column -> terminate in motor neurone

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21
Q

Hering-Breuer Reflex

A

slowing adapting stretch receptors in smooth muscle of upper airways that send inhibitory impulses to DRG via vagus when lung is inflated

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22
Q

J receptors/pulmonary C-fibres

A

juxtacapillary receptors in wall of alveoli that induce apnea followed by rapid shallow breathing

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23
Q

irritant receptors

A

rapidly adapting receptors on walls of bronchi/bronchioles that sense harmful chemicals

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24
Q

cough reflex

A

senses irritations of respiratory tract beyond nose (ex. larynx, trachea, bronchi)

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25
Q

sneeze reflex

A

senses irritation of nasal mucous membrane

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26
Q

location of central chemoreceptors

A

these receptors are find in ventrolateral medulla close to DRG

27
Q

glomus type 1 cells

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

28
Q

what condition does PO2 become main breathing driver?

A

it becomes the main breathing driver in COPD b/c PCO2 is chronically elevated and central chemoreceptors become insensitive to PCO2

29
Q

affect of hemispheric stroke on breathing

A

this neuromuscular disorder interferes w/ voluntary pathway of breathing

30
Q

posterior attachments of diaphragm (4)

A
  1. L (from L1 and 2 bodies) and R muscular crura (L1, 2, 3)
  2. median arcuate ligament (T12 between crura)
  3. medial arcuate ligament (L1 to tip of its transverse process)
  4. lateral arcuate ligament (tip of L1 transfer process to 12th rib
31
Q

where and when does bucket handle movement of ribs happen?

A

this movement happens in forced inspiration w/ ribs 8-10 which have flat costa-transverse joints

32
Q

what accessory muscles aids inspiration?

A

pectoralis major/minor aid this respiratory movement

33
Q

which muscles help fix the ribs (3)?

A
  1. trapezius
  2. sternocleidomastoid
  3. scalene muscles
34
Q

surface markings of pleural cavity

A 
neck of 1st rib, 2cm above clavicle
2nd CC
4 Lcc notch for heart
6 cc deviate laterally
8th rib midclavicular
10th rib mix axillary
12th rib mid scapular
midline level w T12
35
Q

surface markings of lung

A 
neck of 1st rib, 2cm above clavicle
2nd CC
4 Lcc notch for heart
6 cc deviate laterally
6th rib midclavicular
8th rib mix axillary
10th rib mid scapular and midline level
36
Q

surface markings of oblique fissure (L and R lung)

A

spine of T4 (clinical) or body of T5 (x-ray), across 5th rib, following 6th rib around thorax

37
Q

surface markings of horizontal fissure (L lung)

A

4th CC, back across 5th rib, meet oblique fissure in mix axillary

38
Q

Dalton’s Law of partial pressure

A

each individual gas exerts a proportion of atmospheric pressure, according to its partial pressure

39
Q

Henry’s Law

A

when a mix of gas is in contact w/ liquid, each gas will dissolve in proportion w its partial pressure

40
Q

SA of lungs

A

50-100m^2

41
Q

conditions that can reduce gas exchange (2)

A
  1. oedema

2. emphysema (SA decreased)

42
Q

what happens upon rapid ascension without exhalation

A

atmospheric pressure decreases so volume of air in lungs increases (P1V1=P2V2), causing alveolar rupture and arterial gas embolism

43
Q

2 ways O2 is carried in blood

A
  1. dissolved in plasma

2. attached to Hb

44
Q

percent O2 saturation of Hb at PO2 = 40mmHg

A

percent O2 saturation of Hb at this PO2 is 75%

45
Q

calculate total O2 in blood

A

dissolved O2 + amount in Hb ([Hb] in blood x max O2 carrying capacity x % saturation of Hb)

46
Q

what percent of CO2 is dissolved in plasma?

A

7-10% of CO2 is transported in blood in this form

47
Q

what percent of CO2 is bound to Hb?

A

10-20% of CO2 is transported in blood in this form

48
Q

Haldane effect

A

deoxygenation of Hb increases its ability to bind CO2

49
Q

Bohr effect

A

Hb’s ability to bind to O2 is inversely related to both CO2 and H+ concentrations

50
Q

where do bronchial arteries drain into?

A

majority of these arteries drain into pulmonary vein

51
Q

zones of the lung (3)

A
  1. at apex if alveolar pressure > blood hydrostatic pressure (alveolar dead space) since pressure in capillaries is lower
  2. alveolar pressure MAY be > diastolic pressure, thus capillaries could be occluded during diastole
  3. alveolar pressure < blood pressure
52
Q

V/Q over whole lung

A

V/Q here is 0.85

53
Q

V/Q at base of lung

A

V/Q = 0.6

54
Q

V/Q 2/3 up from base of lung

A

V/Q = 1

55
Q

V/Q at apex of lung

A

V/Q = 3

56
Q

changes in partial pressure at low V/Q areas (ex. base of lung)

A

in this area of lung
PCO2 increases
PO2 decreases

57
Q

changes in partial pressures at high V/Q areas (ex. apex of lung)

A

in this area of lung
PCO2 decreases
PO2 increases

58
Q

what simple equation is used to measure residual volume?

A

C1V1=C2V2

59
Q

things that stimulate release of EPO

A
  1. drop in RBCs
  2. drop in Hb itself
  3. fall in PO2
  4. increased tissue demand for O2
60
Q

what respiratory condition may JVP be a sign of?

A

this symptom indicates pressure on R atrium and may be a sign of tension pneumothorax

61
Q

spontaneous pneumothorax

A

negative pressure in pleural cavity is lost with entry of air into lung, so lung deflates due to elastic recoil

62
Q

tension pneumothorax

A

flap lf pleura allows air to enter pleural cavity on inspiration but not escape

63
Q

where is the needle inserted to aspirate air in a tension pneumothorax?

A

needle is inserted in 2nd intercostal same mid clavicular line for this condition

MD3001 (10 decks)

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