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MD3001 > MD3001 Week 2 > Flashcards

MD3001 Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

pressure in systemic venous circulation

A

pressure in this circulation is 3-18mmHg

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2
Q

capillary oncotic pressure

A

28mmHg

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3
Q

plasma oncotic pressure

A

5-8mmHg

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4
Q

capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

30-40mmHg to 10-15mmHg

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5
Q

blood supply of thymus

A

blood supply of this structure is from internal thoracic and inferior thyroid arteries; venous drainage to L BCV

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6
Q

where do BCVs form SVC?

A

these vessels join posterior to 1st R CC

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7
Q

4 proponents to venous return

A
  1. increased sympathetic activity
  2. skeletal muscle pump
  3. increased blood volume
  4. inspiration movements
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8
Q

3 effects of CNS ischemic response

A

when blood flow to MCVCC decreases, increases…

  1. peripheral vasoconstriction
  2. sympathetic stimulation
  3. systemic arterial pressure as high as 250mmHg for 10m
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9
Q

branches of aorta (4)

A
  1. oesophageal
  2. posterior intercostal (3-11)
  3. subcostal (12)
  4. bronchial
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10
Q

Bainbridge reflex

A

sympathetic mediated reflex in response to increased blood in atria (increase HR and contractility)

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11
Q

neurovascular supply of cervical third of oesophagus

A

arterial: inferior thyroid
venous: BCV
nerve: recurrent laryngeal
lymph: deep cervical

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12
Q

neurovascular supply of thoracic third of oesophagus

A

arterial: oesophageal
venous: azygos
nerve: oesophageal plexus
lymph: tracheobronchial

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13
Q

4 oesophageal constrictions length from upper incisor

A
  1. upper oesophageal spinster - 17cm
  2. arch of aorta
  3. L main bronchus - 28cm
  4. diaphragm - 43cm
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14
Q

where does accessory heme-azygos vein descend from and cross?

A

this structure descends from 4th intercostal space and crosses at T8

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15
Q

outline duty of candour (4)

A

healthcare professionals must…

  1. tell patient of mistake
  2. apologize
  3. offer remedy or support
  4. explain short and long term effects of what has happened
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16
Q

what must claimant establish to claim negligence? (3)

A
  1. patient is owed a duty of care by defendant
  2. defendant breached that duty by failing to provide reasonable care
  3. breach of duty caused claimant’s injuries (causation) and that those injuries are not too remote (proximity)
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17
Q

what causes release of ADH? (3)

A
  1. increase in osmotic pressure (hypothalamic osmoreceptors)
  2. hypovolemia >10% loss (atrial baroreceptors)
  3. angiotensin II
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18
Q

where in the kidney is renin released from?

A

this hormone is released from juxtaglomerular cells

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19
Q

what hormone is released in response to stretch of atria and helps oppose effects of RAAS

A

atrial-natriuretic hormone

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20
Q

predispositions to capillary micro-aneurysms (2)

A

predispositions to this vascular disease include hypertension and diabetes mellitus

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21
Q

giant-cell (temporal) arteritis

A

granulomatous inflammation of large to small-sized arteries

temporal, vertebral and ophthalmic

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22
Q

population most susceptible to Takayasu arteritis

A

women <30yo most susceptible to this type of vasculitis

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23
Q

polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)

A

vasculitis of medium/small muscular arteries of kidneys, heart, liver, GI

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24
Q

site of chest drain

A

this procedure occurs at triangle bounded by lateral border of pec major, mix axillary line, and line b/w these at level of nipple

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25
Q

2 opposing ways sympathetic nervous system affects skeletal muscle arteries

A
  1. nerves transmit NA onto a1 receptors causing vasoconstriction
  2. adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline onto b2 causing vasodilation
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26
Q

release and affects of adrenaline on skeletal muscle arterioles

A

this hormone is released by adrenal medulla and causes vasodilation of these vessels via b2 receptors

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27
Q

change in percent blood flow to skin from rest to exercise

A

blood flow to this organ from rest to exercise is 9-11%

28
Q

change in percent blood flow to skeletal muscle from rest to exercise

A

blood flow to this organ from rest to exercise is 20-73%

29
Q

change in percent blood flow to kidneys from rest to exercise

A

blood flow to this organ from rest to exercise is 20-3%

30
Q

why does TPR increase in static exercise?

A
  1. increase venous return to heart

2. occludes arteries and prevents tissue perfusion

31
Q

Fick principle

A

equation showing that CO is related to O2 consumption

32
Q

innervations of vagus nerves (2)

A
  1. parasympathetic to thoracic and abdominal viscera

2. afferent and efferent to striated muscles of pharynx and larynx

33
Q

path of vagus nerve

A

medulla oblognata -> out skull -> through carotid sheath b/w int jugular and internal/common carotid artery -> thoracic inlet b/w venous and arterial planes -> oesophageal hiatus (T10)

34
Q

vagus nerves give preganglionic branches to which autonomic plexuses? (3)

A
  1. pulmonary
  2. cardiac
  3. oesophageal
35
Q

what do vagus nerves become as oesophagus leaves thorax?

A

these nerves reform as anterior (mainly L) and posterior (mainly R) trunks

36
Q

where is cell body of efferent motor neurone found?

A

cell body of this neurone is found in anterior grey horn

37
Q

where is cell body of afferent neurone found?

A

cell body of this neurone is found in dorsal root ganglion

38
Q

which 2 places can parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies lie in?

A
  1. nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X

2. grey matter of spinal cord S 2, 3, 4

39
Q

which 2 places can parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies lie in?

A
  1. special ganglia of head and neck

2. close to viscera they supply, where they contribute to autonomic plexuses

40
Q

where do sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies lie?

A

cell bodies of these nerves lie in lateral grey matter of thoracic spinal cord b/w T1-L2

41
Q

pathway of sympathetic signal to umbilicus (T10)

A

lateral horn -> white ramus communicante -> sympathetic trunk at T10 -> grey ramus communicante -> umbilicus

42
Q

length of sympathetic trunk

A

extends from atlas and fuses at ganglion impair opposite coccyx

43
Q

Stellate Ganglion

A

fusion of inferior cervical ganglion and T1 ganglion

44
Q

which sympathetic neurones pass straight through sympathetic trunk and what do they innervate?

A

splanchnic nerves behave this way unlike other nerves of their kind and reach the abdominal viscera and adrenal gland

45
Q

where do the 3 splanchnic nerves connect from and to?

A
  1. greater: T5-9 to coeliac ganglia (stomach)
  2. lesser: T10-11 to superior mesenteric ganglia (midgut)
  3. least: T12 to inferior mesenteric ganglia (hindgut)
46
Q

sympathetic innervation to head originate from which spinal cord levels?

A

sympathetic innervation to this comes from spinal cord levels T1-3

47
Q

sympathetic innervation to upper limb originate from which spinal cord levels?

A

sympathetic innervation to this comes from spinal cord levels T4-6

48
Q

sympathetic innervation to thoracic/abdominal wall come from which spinal cord levels?

A

sympathetic innervation to this comes from spinal cord levels T1-12 (match dermatome as 2y neurone don’t move up/down)

49
Q

sympathetic innervation to lower limb originate from which spinal cord levels?

A

sympathetic innervation to this comes from spinal cord levels T12-L2

50
Q

outline sympathetic innervation to heart and lungs

A

sympathetic innervation to these arise from T1-5, ascend trunk to synapse in T1/inferior/middle cervical ganglia, pass down to cardiac plexuses at carina

51
Q

what structure is innervated sympathetically by just one neurone?

A

adrenal medulla is sympathetically innervated this way

52
Q

Pancoast’s tumour

A

tumour at apex of lung that may affect stellate ganglion, comprising sympathetic supply to head and neck on same side

53
Q

what syndrome can Pancoast’s tumour cause and what do they include? (4)

A

Horner’s syndrome

  1. ptosis (drooping) of upper eyelid
  2. miosis (pupillary constriction)
  3. anhydrosis (lack of sweating)
  4. flushing of face
54
Q

normal range in pressure in capillaries from arterial to venous end

A

35mmHg-10mmHg

55
Q

what part of ECG varies w/ HR?

A

QT interval varies with this

56
Q

what 3 veins enter BCV?

A
  1. internal thoracic vein
  2. inferior thyroid vein
  3. superior intercostal vein
57
Q

arterial pressure where urinary volume output is normal

A

urinary volume output is normal at 60

58
Q

what do vagus nerves b/become when they reach oesophagus

A

L and R combine to form oesophageal plexus

59
Q

where can heart refer pain to?

A

this structure can refer pain to T1/T2 dermatomes (medial L arm)

60
Q

where do oesophageal branches originate from?

A

these neural branches original from T4-6

61
Q

symptoms of Takayasu arteritis

A
  • dizziness
  • visual disturbances
  • dyspnoea
  • intermittent claudication upper limbs
  • asymmetric BP
62
Q

vascular cancer associated w/ HIV/AIDS

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

63
Q

indication of sufficient lung capacity on a chest X-ray

A

R diaphragm should be b/w ribs 5 and 6 anteriorly

64
Q

2 things that increase stroke volume

A
  1. contractility

2. frank-starling

65
Q

BP of pulmonary circulation

A

12-16mmHg

66
Q

effects of angiotensin (3)

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. ADH
  3. aldosterone (retention of salt and water)

MD3001 (10 decks)

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