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Studying > Mcs 3040 Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Mcs 3040 Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tort:

A

A social or civil wrong that gives rise to the right to sue and to seek on of several remedies

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2
Q

Tort has usually been committed when:

A

An intentional or careless act harms another

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3
Q

Easier to successfully sue for tort as standard of proof in tort law is based on a:

A

“Balance of Probabilities” test

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4
Q

Vicarious Liability

A

Liability without personal fault.
Example: employers are held liable for tort committed by employees

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5
Q

Intentional Tort

A

Means that the conduct was intended or deliberate (willful) as opposed to inadvertent

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6
Q

Assult

A

Conduct that makes a person think they are about to be struck

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7
Q

Battery

A

When someone intentionally makes unwanted contact with another person

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8
Q

Two defences to assault and battery

A
  1. Consent is a defence
  2. Self-defence
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9
Q

Defamation

A

A detrimental false statement about someone; must be published or broadcast

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10
Q

Slander

A

Spoken defamation

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11
Q

Libel

A

Usually written defamation

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12
Q

Trespass to Land

A
  1. Deliberate interference with property
  2. No consent/permission
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13
Q

Trespass to Chattels

A
  1. Deliberate interference with goods of another
  2. No consent
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14
Q

Conversion

A
  1. Deliberate appropriation of the goods of another
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15
Q

Detinue

A
  1. Deliberate possession of another’s goods
  2. Wrongful refusal to return the goods to the owner
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16
Q

False Imprisonment

A
  1. Deliberate restraint
  2. Wrongful refusal to return the goods to the owner
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17
Q

Malicious Prosecution

A
  1. Initiation of prosecution on criminal or quasi-criminal charges
  2. Subsequent acquittal of the plaintiff
  3. Prosecution was motivated by malice
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18
Q

Private Nuisance

A
  1. Unusual use of property
  2. Substantial and unreasonable interference caused to neighbor’s enjoyment or use of property
  3. Foreseeable injury
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19
Q

Negligence

A

Inadvertent or unintentional careless conduct that causes injury or damages to another person or their property

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20
Q

All four elements must be established to succeed in a negligence action:

A

A - A breach of care
B - Breach of duty
C - Causation
D - Damage

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21
Q

A duty of care is owed to the plaintiff
1. What needs to be established
2. Tests used

A
  1. That the proximity of the parties created an obligation to exercise caution or care
  2. a. Foreseeable plaintiff test
    b. Policy considerations
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22
Q

Breach of that duty; breach of the standard of care
1. What needs to be established
2. Tests used

A
  1. That the defendant was not careful enough
  2. Reasonable person test
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23
Q

Causation
1. What needs to be established
2. Tests used

A
  1. a. That the defendant directly or physically caused the injury; and
    b. That the injury was reasonably foreseeable
  2. a. Physical: “but for” test
    b. Legal: remoteness test
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24
Q

Damage
1. What needs to be established
2. Tests used

A
  1. That the plaintiff suffered injury or loss
  2. Refer to precedents - has this type of loss been recognized by courts as compensable?
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25
Q

Reasonable Foreseeable Test:

A

If it would be apparent to a prudent person that the conduct was likely to cause injury, a duty is owed

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26
Q

Donoghue v. Stevenson

A

Iconic case that everyone knows, about Donoghues beer having a snail in it but she couldn’t sue the restaurant because her friend bought her the drink. So Donoghue decides to sue the manufacturer, that is when they established a duty to exercise care.

27
Q

Breach of the Standard of Care

A

Once the existence of a duty is established the second issue is whether the defendant demonstrated sufficient care

28
Q

Reasonable person test:

A

What would a reasonably prudent person, in possession of all the facts of the case, have done in this situation?

29
Q

C and D: Causation and Damages

A

Negligence requires a loss to person or property

30
Q

“But For” Test: Physical Causation

A
  • Damages must be a direct result of the carless conduct
  • But for the conduct of the plaintiff, no injury would have resulted
31
Q

Remoteness Test - Legal Causation

A

Whether the specific type of injury suffered was reasonably foreseeable

32
Q

Three defences to a negligence claim:

A
  1. Voluntary assumption of risk
  2. Contributory negligence
  3. Illegality
33
Q

4 types of insurance

A
  1. Liability insurance
  2. Property insurance
  3. Business Interruption insurance
  4. Life and Health insurance
34
Q

Liability Insurance

A

Covers damage caused by negligence of self or employees and does not cover willful acts

35
Q

Property Insurance

A
  1. Covers losses to buildings and there contents due to fire or other named perils
  2. Comprehensive convers everything except what is specifically excluded
  3. Coverage should correspond to actual value of the property
36
Q

Business Interruption Insurance

A
  1. For an unseen event that causes a business to cease operations for a time
  2. Covers lost profits and expenses of bringing business back into operation
  3. Puts insured in same financial position as if the loss had not occured
37
Q

Life and Health Insurance

A

Life
1. Provides for dependents and/or business associates
2. After death of insured
Health
1. Medical: covers health care expenses
2. Disability: provides income for disabled workers
3. Overlapping extended benefits

38
Q

Elements of a contract:

A
  1. Consensus: mutual agreement
  2. Consideration: the price each party is willing to pay to participate in the contract
  3. Capacity: legally capable of understanding
  4. Legality: object and consideration involved in agreement must be legal
  5. Intention: must intend that legally enforceable obligations will result from contract
39
Q

Void Contract

A

Is NOT a legally binding contract because an essential element is missing. If there is a void contract, the courts would try to put the parties back to their original positions

40
Q

Voidable Contract

A

Is a contract that has legal effect, but one of the parties has the option to end the contract

41
Q

Invitation to Treat

A

An invitation to potential customers to engage in the process of negotiation

42
Q

The End of an Offer

A
  1. Offer ends at a specified time
  2. At the death or insanity of the offeror
  3. Revocation of offer before acceptance and revocation is communicated to the offeree
  4. When the offer is rejected
    a. A counteroffer is put forward
43
Q

Postbox Rule

A

When acceptance is mailed, it is effective when and where it is posted

44
Q

Insanity

A
  • No understanding of the nature of the transaction
  • Person claiming insanity has onus to prove it
  • Other person knew or ought to have known of insanity
45
Q

Contracts performed illegally

A

The contract is performed in an illegal way

46
Q

Contracts formed illegally

A

The contract itself is illegal

47
Q

Misrepresentation

A

False statement of fact that persuades someone to enter into a contract

48
Q

Innocent Misrepresentation

A

The person making it honestly believes it to be true

49
Q

Negligent Misrepresentation

A

Carelessly providing false information

50
Q

Fraudulent Misrepresentation

A

Fraud exists when the false statement was made knowingly or recklessly, not caring if true or false

51
Q

Undue Influence

A

Pressure from a dominant and trusted person negates free bargaining

52
Q

Unconscionable Transactions

A

Permits the court to set aside a contract in which one party has been taken advantage of

53
Q

Misunderstanding

A

Neither party of aware of the other party’s misunderstanding about the terms of the agreement

54
Q

Rules of Interpretation

A
  • Reasonable person test
  • Literal or liberal meanings imposed on written terms
55
Q

Privity of Contract

A

Contract can only affect parties to it, like Mrs. Donoghue not being able to sue the coffee shop

56
Q

Assignment

A

A person entitled to receive a benefit under a contract can transfer that benefit to a third party

57
Q

Principal methods of discharging a contract

A
  • Performance
  • Breach
  • Agreement between the parties
  • Frustration
58
Q

Conditions:

A

Term essential to substantial performance

59
Q

Warranties:

A

Minor terms of contract

60
Q

Breach by Refusal to Perform (Repudiation)

A

One party indicates to the other an intention to abandon and altogether refuse performance of the contract

61
Q

Discharge by Agreement

A

Contracts can be modified or ended by agreement

62
Q

Frustration

A

Outside, unforeseen events which:
Make performance impossible
Changes the nature of the contract

63
Q

Equitable Remedies

A
  1. Recession
  2. Rectification
  3. Specific Performance
  4. Injunction
  5. Accounting
  6. Quantum Meruit

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