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MCAT 2022 > MCAT Quicksheets BS > Flashcards

MCAT Quicksheets BS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of neurons in the nervous system

A

Motor (efferent)
Interneurons
Sensory (afferent)

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2
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for

A 
Rest and Digest functions
Constrict Pupils
Stimulate saliva flow
Slows heartbeat
Contracts bladder
Acetlycholine
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3
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for

A 
Fight or Flight responses
Dilates pupils
Inhibits salivations
Fast heartbeat
Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
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4
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

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5
Q

Frontal lobe funtions

A 
Executive functions
Impulse control
Long term planning
Motor function
Speech production
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6
Q

Parietal lobe functions

A

Sensation of touch

Spatial processing, orientation, and manipulation

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7
Q

Occipital lobe functions

A

Visual processing

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8
Q

Temporal lobe functions

A

Sound processing

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9
Q

What is the organization of the brain

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

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10
Q

Components of hindbrain

A

Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Reticular Formation

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11
Q

Components of Midbrain

A

Inferior and superior colliculi

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12
Q

Components of Forebrain

A 
Limbic system
Basal ganglia
cerebral cortex
thalamus
Hypothalamus
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13
Q

Thalamus function

A

relay station for sensory info

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14
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Emotion, hunger, thirst

Maintain homeostasis

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15
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

Smoothens movements

Postural stability

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16
Q

Limbic System function

A

Controls emotions and memory

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17
Q

What behavior is acetylcholine responsible for

A

Voluntary muscle control
Parasympathetic nervous system
Attention
Alertness

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18
Q

What behavior is norepinephrine and epinephrine responsible for

A

Fight or Flight responses
Wakefulness
Alertness

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19
Q

What behavior is dopamine responsible for

A

Smooth movement

Postural stability

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20
Q

What behavior is serotonin responsible for

A

Mood
Sleep
Eating
Dreaming

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21
Q

What behavior is GABA responsible for

A

Brain Stabilization

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22
Q

What behavior are endorphins responsible for

A

Natural painkillers

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23
Q

What is nature vs. nurture

A

Nature: Genetics
Nurture: Environment

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24
Q

What is the role of the cochlea

A

Detects sound

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25
What is the role of the utricle and saccule (in ear)
Detect linear acceleration
26
What is the role of the semicircular canals
Detect rotatonal acceleration
27
What is the auditory pathway
Cochlea Vestibulocochlear nerve Medial geniculate Nucleus of thalamus Auditory cortex
28
What is bottom up processing
Data driven Slower, less prone to mistakes Recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection
29
What is top down processing
Conceptually driven Faster, more prone to mistakes Recognition of an object by memories and expectations with little attention to detail
30
What are gestalt principles
Way the brain can infer missing parts of an image when it is incomplete
31
What is Piaget responsible for
Cognitive development
32
What are the stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal operational
33
Describe the Sensorimotor stage
Manipulating the environment to meet physical needs | Object permanence ends this stage
34
Describe the preoperational stage
Symbolic thinking | Inability to imagine what another person thinks or feels (egocentrism)
35
Describe the concrete operational stage
Understanding feelings of other and manipulating physical objects
36
Describe the formal operational stage
Abstract thought and problem solving
37
What is habituation
Becoming used to a stimulus
38
What is dishabituation
Second stimulus intervenes causing resensitization to original stimulus
39
What is observational learning
Learning a behavior by watching others
40
What is associative learning
Pairing together stimuli and responses or behavior and consequences
41
What is operant conditioning
Frequency of behavior is modified using reinforcement or punishment
42
What is positive reinforcement
Good stimulus is added in order to continue desired behavior
43
What is negative reinforcement
Bad stimulus removed in order to continue desired behavior
44
What is positive punishment
Bad stimulus added to decrease unwanted behavior
45
What is negative punishment
Good stimulus removed to decrease unwanted behavior
46
Describe drive reduction theory
Individuals acts to relieve internal states of tension
47
What is maslows hierarchy of needs highest to lowest
``` Physiological needs Safety and security Love and belonging Self esteem Self actualization ```
48
Describe the James Lange Theory
Following a stimulus the first response is nervous system arousal and second response is conscious emotion
49
Describe the canon bard theory
Following a stimulus the first response is nervous system arousal AND conscious emotion and the second response is an action
50
Describe the Schachter Singer theory
Following a stimulus the first response is nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal and the second response is conscious emotion
51
What is a status
Position in society used to classify individuals
52
What are the three types of status
Ascribed: involuntarily assigned Achieved: voluntarily earned Master: Primary identity
53
What is a role
Set of beliefs, values, and norms that define the expectations of a certain status
54
What is a group
Two or more individuals with similar characteristics that share a sense of unity
55
What is a network
Observable patter of social relationships between individuals or groups
56
What is social faciliation
Tendency to perform at a different level when others are around
57
What is deindividualization
Loss of self awareness in large groups | Can lead to drastic behavior changes
58
What is the bystander effect
In a group individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need
59
What is peer pressure
Social influence placed on an individual by other individuals they consider equal
60
What is group polarization
Tendency towards making decisions in a group are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members
61
What is group think
Tendency to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within group without considering outside ideas
62
What is assimilation
One culture begins to melt into another
63
What is multiculturalsim
Encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity
64
What is a subculture
Group that distinguishes itself from the primary culture to which it belongs
65
What is socialization
Process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
66
What is a stigma
Extreme disapproval or dislike of a person based on perceived differences
67
What is the self fulfilling prophecy
Stereotype creating an expectation of a particular group which creates conditions that lead to a confirmation of this stereotype
68
Stereotype threat
Anxiety of confirming a negative stereotype
69
Prejudice
Irrationally based attitude prior to experience

MCAT 2022 (12 decks)

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