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MCAT 2022 > MCAT Quicksheets BS > Flashcards

MCAT Quicksheets BS Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of neurons in the nervous system

A

Motor (efferent)
Interneurons
Sensory (afferent)

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2
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for

A 
Rest and Digest functions
Constrict Pupils
Stimulate saliva flow
Slows heartbeat
Contracts bladder
Acetlycholine
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3
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for

A 
Fight or Flight responses
Dilates pupils
Inhibits salivations
Fast heartbeat
Secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
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4
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

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5
Q

Frontal lobe funtions

A 
Executive functions
Impulse control
Long term planning
Motor function
Speech production
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6
Q

Parietal lobe functions

A

Sensation of touch

Spatial processing, orientation, and manipulation

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7
Q

Occipital lobe functions

A

Visual processing

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8
Q

Temporal lobe functions

A

Sound processing

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9
Q

What is the organization of the brain

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

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10
Q

Components of hindbrain

A

Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Reticular Formation

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11
Q

Components of Midbrain

A

Inferior and superior colliculi

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12
Q

Components of Forebrain

A 
Limbic system
Basal ganglia
cerebral cortex
thalamus
Hypothalamus
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13
Q

Thalamus function

A

relay station for sensory info

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14
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Emotion, hunger, thirst

Maintain homeostasis

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15
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

Smoothens movements

Postural stability

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16
Q

Limbic System function

A

Controls emotions and memory

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17
Q

What behavior is acetylcholine responsible for

A

Voluntary muscle control
Parasympathetic nervous system
Attention
Alertness

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18
Q

What behavior is norepinephrine and epinephrine responsible for

A

Fight or Flight responses
Wakefulness
Alertness

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19
Q

What behavior is dopamine responsible for

A

Smooth movement

Postural stability

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20
Q

What behavior is serotonin responsible for

A

Mood
Sleep
Eating
Dreaming

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21
Q

What behavior is GABA responsible for

A

Brain Stabilization

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22
Q

What behavior are endorphins responsible for

A

Natural painkillers

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23
Q

What is nature vs. nurture

A

Nature: Genetics
Nurture: Environment

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24
Q

What is the role of the cochlea

A

Detects sound

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25
Q

What is the role of the utricle and saccule (in ear)

A

Detect linear acceleration

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26
Q

What is the role of the semicircular canals

A

Detect rotatonal acceleration

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27
Q

What is the auditory pathway

A

Cochlea
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Medial geniculate Nucleus of thalamus
Auditory cortex

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28
Q

What is bottom up processing

A

Data driven
Slower, less prone to mistakes
Recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection

29
Q

What is top down processing

A

Conceptually driven
Faster, more prone to mistakes
Recognition of an object by memories and expectations with little attention to detail

30
Q

What are gestalt principles

A

Way the brain can infer missing parts of an image when it is incomplete

31
Q

What is Piaget responsible for

A

Cognitive development

32
Q

What are the stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal operational

33
Q

Describe the Sensorimotor stage

A

Manipulating the environment to meet physical needs

Object permanence ends this stage

34
Q

Describe the preoperational stage

A

Symbolic thinking

Inability to imagine what another person thinks or feels (egocentrism)

35
Q

Describe the concrete operational stage

A

Understanding feelings of other and manipulating physical objects

36
Q

Describe the formal operational stage

A

Abstract thought and problem solving

37
Q

What is habituation

A

Becoming used to a stimulus

38
Q

What is dishabituation

A

Second stimulus intervenes causing resensitization to original stimulus

39
Q

What is observational learning

A

Learning a behavior by watching others

40
Q

What is associative learning

A

Pairing together stimuli and responses or behavior and consequences

41
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Frequency of behavior is modified using reinforcement or punishment

42
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

Good stimulus is added in order to continue desired behavior

43
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

Bad stimulus removed in order to continue desired behavior

44
Q

What is positive punishment

A

Bad stimulus added to decrease unwanted behavior

45
Q

What is negative punishment

A

Good stimulus removed to decrease unwanted behavior

46
Q

Describe drive reduction theory

A

Individuals acts to relieve internal states of tension

47
Q

What is maslows hierarchy of needs highest to lowest

A 
Physiological needs
Safety and security
Love and belonging
Self esteem
Self actualization
48
Q

Describe the James Lange Theory

A

Following a stimulus the first response is nervous system arousal and second response is conscious emotion

49
Q

Describe the canon bard theory

A

Following a stimulus the first response is nervous system arousal AND conscious emotion and the second response is an action

50
Q

Describe the Schachter Singer theory

A

Following a stimulus the first response is nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal and the second response is conscious emotion

51
Q

What is a status

A

Position in society used to classify individuals

52
Q

What are the three types of status

A

Ascribed: involuntarily assigned
Achieved: voluntarily earned
Master: Primary identity

53
Q

What is a role

A

Set of beliefs, values, and norms that define the expectations of a certain status

54
Q

What is a group

A

Two or more individuals with similar characteristics that share a sense of unity

55
Q

What is a network

A

Observable patter of social relationships between individuals or groups

56
Q

What is social faciliation

A

Tendency to perform at a different level when others are around

57
Q

What is deindividualization

A

Loss of self awareness in large groups

Can lead to drastic behavior changes

58
Q

What is the bystander effect

A

In a group individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need

59
Q

What is peer pressure

A

Social influence placed on an individual by other individuals they consider equal

60
Q

What is group polarization

A

Tendency towards making decisions in a group are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members

61
Q

What is group think

A

Tendency to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within group without considering outside ideas

62
Q

What is assimilation

A

One culture begins to melt into another

63
Q

What is multiculturalsim

A

Encouragement of multiple cultures within a community to enhance diversity

64
Q

What is a subculture

A

Group that distinguishes itself from the primary culture to which it belongs

65
Q

What is socialization

A

Process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs

66
Q

What is a stigma

A

Extreme disapproval or dislike of a person based on perceived differences

67
Q

What is the self fulfilling prophecy

A

Stereotype creating an expectation of a particular group which creates conditions that lead to a confirmation of this stereotype

68
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Anxiety of confirming a negative stereotype

69
Q

Prejudice

A

Irrationally based attitude prior to experience

MCAT 2022 (12 decks)

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