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MCAT 2022 > Behavioral Sciences > Flashcards

Behavioral Sciences Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What is Functionalism

A

How mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments

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2
Q

Describe what afferent vs. efferent neurons do

A

Afferent: Ascends in the cord toward the brain
Efferent: Exit the cord on the way to rest of body

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3
Q

Describe what sensory neurons do and another name for them

A

transmit sensory info from receptors to spinal cord and brain
Afferent neurons

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4
Q

What do motor neurons do and another name for them

A

Transmit motor info from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
Efferent neurons

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5
Q

What are interneurons most often linked to

A

Reflexive behavior

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6
Q

How is the nervous system divided

A

2 parts
Central Nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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7
Q

Describe the central nervous system

A

Made up of brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Describe the PNS

A

Made up of nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain
Somatic and autonomic systems
Autonomic breaks down to Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

Describe the somatic nervous system

A

Consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed thru skin, joints, and muscles

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10
Q

Describe the autonomic nervous system

A

Regulates heartbeat, respirations, digestion, and glandular secretions.
Involuntary muscle processes

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11
Q

Describe the parasympathetic nervous system

A 
Conserve energy
Rest and digest
Reduce heart rate and constrict pupils
Stimulate saliva
Contracts bladder
Acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) responsible for this
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12
Q

Describe the sympathetic nervous system

A 
Fight or Flight
Activated by stress
Increase heart rate
Dilate eyes
Releases epinephrine
Decreases digestion
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13
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of the brain

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
forebrain

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14
Q

What forms the brainstem

A

Hindbrain and midbrian

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15
Q

What forms the limbic system

A

Forebrain

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16
Q

What is the primary role of the limbic system

A

Emotion and memory

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17
Q

What are the primary structures of the forebrain

A 
Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
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18
Q

What are the primary structures of the midbrain

A

inferior and superior colliculi

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19
Q

What are the primary structures of the hindbrain

A

Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Reticular formation
Pons

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20
Q

What is the role of the cerebral cortex

A

Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes

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21
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia

A

Movement

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22
Q

What is the role of the thalamus

A

Sensory relay station

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23
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus

A

Hunger, thirst, emotion

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24
Q

What is the role of the inferior and superior colliculi

A

Sensorimotor reflexes

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25
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum

A

Refined motor movements

Posture and balance

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26
Q

What is the role of the medulla oblongata

A

Heart, vital reflexes (vomiting, coughing)

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27
Q

What is the role of the reticular formation

A

Arousal and alertness

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28
Q

What is the role of the pons

A

Communication WITHIN the brain, breathing

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29
Q

What is the role of the amygdala

A

Defensive and aggressive behaviors

30
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus

A

Learning and memory processes

helps to form long term memories

31
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain

A

Temporal: hearing
Occipital: sight
Parietal: Touch, temp, pain
Frontal lobe: executive function

32
Q

Wernickes area

A

Associated with language reception and comprehension

33
Q

Brocas area

A

Speech production

34
Q

What behavior is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine responsible for

A

Voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, alertness

35
Q

What behavior is epinephrine and norepinephrine responsible for

A

flight or flight response, wakefulness, alertness

36
Q

What behavior is dopamine responsible for

A

Smooth movements, postural stability

37
Q

What behavior is serotonin responsible for

A

Mood, sleep, eating, dreaming

38
Q

What behavior is GABA and Glycine responsible for

A

Brain stabilization

39
Q

What behavior is glutamate responsible for

A

Brain excitation

40
Q

What behavior are endorphins responsible for

A

Natural painkillers

41
Q

Motivation

A

The purpose or driving force behind our actions

42
Q

Describe Drive reduction theory

A

Motivation based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

43
Q

Describe arousal theory

A

People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

44
Q

What are considered primary needs

A

Physiological needs
the basics
food, water, sleep, shelter

45
Q

what are maslows hierarchy of needs (base to tip)

A
  1. Physiological
  2. Safety
  3. Love/belonging
  4. Esteem
  5. Self actualization
46
Q

Describe self actualization

A

the need to realize ones fullest potential

47
Q

describe esteem as it relates to maslow

A

self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others

48
Q

describe love/belonging as it relates to maslow

A

friendship, family, sexual intimacy

49
Q

describe safety as it relates to maslow

A

security of body, employment, resources, health, morality

50
Q

What is incentive theory

A

behavior that is motivated by a desire of reward and avoidance of punishment

51
Q

What are the 7 universal emotions

A
  1. happiness
  2. sadness
  3. contempt
  4. surprise
  5. fear
  6. disgust
  7. anger
52
Q

What is the James Lange Theory of Emotion

A

Physiological arousal first followed by secondary response in which emotion is labeled

ex. I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high

53
Q

What is the Cannon Bard theory

A

physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time and then the action follows

ex. I see a snake, so I feel afraid and my heart is racing … Let me out of here!

54
Q

What is the Schachter Singer theory

A

two factors are needed to experience emotion. Includes environmental stimulus

ex. I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy.

55
Q

What is spontaneous recovery

A

Presenting a subject with an extinct conditioned stimulus will sometimes produce a weak conditioned response

56
Q

What is generalization

A

A stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response

57
Q

Describe discrimination

A

Learning to distinguish between similar stimuli

58
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Examines how consequences of voluntary behaviors change the frequency of those behaviors

59
Q

What is the theory of behaviorism

A

Theory that all behaviors are conditioned

60
Q

What is escape learning

A

An unpleasant stimulus is experienced, a behavior is displayed in order to remove the stimulus

61
Q

What is avoidance learning

A

A behavior is displayed in order to avoid the unpleasant stimulus before it occurs

62
Q

What is a fixed ration schedule

A

Reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of this behavior

63
Q

What is variable ratio

A

Reinforce behavior after a variable number of performances of the behavior

64
Q

What is a fixed interval schedule

A

Reinforce the first instance of behavior after a specific period of time has elapsed

65
Q

What is a variable interval schedule

A

reinforce the behavior the first time the behavior is performed after a varying interval of time

66
Q

Describe the method of loci

A

Associating each item in a list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized

67
Q

what is iconic memory

A

Fast decaying memory of visual stimuli

68
Q

what is semantic memory

A

Ideas, concepts, and facts that we know

69
Q

What is retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of previously formed memories

70
Q

What is anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories

71
Q

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory

A

Explicit: facts and stories
Implicit: Skills and conditioning effects

MCAT 2022 (12 decks)

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