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MCAT 2022 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Do diploid cells have one or two copies of chromosomes?

A

2 copies

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2
Q

Do haploid cells have one copy or two copies of chromosomes

A

1

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3
Q

Which stages make up interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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4
Q

Describe the G1 stage

A

cells crease organelles for energy and protein production.

Size increase

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5
Q

What is the restriction point

A

DNA is checked for quality and must be passed to move on to S stage

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6
Q

Describe S stage

A

Synthesis
DNA is replicated
Chromatids (DNA strands) held together at centromere

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7
Q

Describe G2 stage

A

Postsynthetic gap
Further cell growth and replication of organelles in prep for mitosis
Another check point mussed be passed

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8
Q

Describe G0 stage

A

cell performs functions with NO prep for division

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9
Q

What are the 4 phases of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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10
Q

What occurs during prophase

A

Chromosomes condense
membrane dissolves
centrioles migrate to opposite sides of cell
spindle apparatus begins to form

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11
Q

What occurs during metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along metaphase plate

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12
Q

What occurs during anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles

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13
Q

What occurs in telophase

A

Membrane reforms
spindle apparatus disappears
cytosol and organelles are split between two daughter cells through cytokinesis

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14
Q

Describe meiosis

A

Occurs in germ cells

produces 4 non identical haploid sex cells

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15
Q

How many rounds of division and replication does meiosis have

A

1 round replication

2 rounds division

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16
Q

What is the general pathway that a nervous impulse takes in a simple reflex

A

Receptor> Afferent Neuron> Interneuron> Efferent Neuron> Effector

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17
Q

How do neurotransmitters enter the synaptic cleft

A

They are released via exocytosis

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18
Q

The Na/K pump is crucial for which of the following processes?

A

Maintenance of resting potential

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19
Q

What is the purpose of endocrine glands

A

To secrete hormones which communicate with organs and cells throughout the body

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20
Q

What is the major difference between peptide hormones and steroid hormones

A

Peptide hormones act on the cell membrane

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21
Q

How is the immune system divided

A

Innate and adaptive immunity

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22
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

Composed of defenses that take time to activate

Target a specific invader and can maintain immunologic memory

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23
Q

What is innate immunity

A

Composed of defenses that are always active

Cannot target a specific invader and cannot maintain immunologic memory

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24
Q

Where do immune cells come from

A

bone marrow

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25
Q

Where are b cells activate

A

Spleen and lymph nodes

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26
Q

What are the sites in which immune cells can be mounted

A

Spleen and lymph nodes

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27
Q

What is site of t cell maturation

A

thymus

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28
Q

What is another name for white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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29
Q

Describe interferons

Where they come from, what they do

A

Given off by virally infected cells and help prevent viral replication and dispersion to nearby cells

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30
Q

What is the role of a macrophage

A

Ingest pathogens and present them on MHC molecules

Secrete cytokines

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31
Q

What is a MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex

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32
Q

Describe MHC class I

A

Present in all nucleated cells and displays proteins within the cell to cytotoxic t cells

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33
Q

Describe MCH class II

A

Present in professional antigen presenting cells

Display proteins from outside the cell to helper t cells

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34
Q

What is the role of natural killer cells

A

attack cells not presenting MHC molecules

Including virally infected cells and cancer cells

35
Q

What is the role of neutrophils

A

Ingest bacteria

36
Q

What is the role of eosinophils

A

Used in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections. Release histamine to cause an inflammatory response

37
Q

What are basophils

A

Used in allergic reactions

38
Q

What are the different type of t cells

A

Helper t cells (CD4)
Cytotoxic t cells (CD8)
Suppressor (regulatory) t cells
Memory t cell

39
Q

What is the role of helper t cells

A

Respond to antigen on MHC II and coordinate the rest of the immune system

40
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic t cells

A

Respond to antigen on MHC I and kill virally infected cells

41
Q

What is the role of suppressor (regulatory) cells

A

Tone down immune response after an infection and promote self tolerance

42
Q

What is the role of memory t cells

A

remember pathogen to produce a more rapid and vigorous immune response

43
Q

Where is the nucleus of a cell located

A

Cell body

44
Q

What is the role of Dendrites

A

Receive incoming messages from other cells

45
Q

What is the role of the axon hillock

A

Integrates the incoming signals from dendrites

Important role in action potentials

46
Q

What are nerve fibers insulated by

A

Myelin

47
Q

What is myelin

A

fatty membrane to prevent signal loss or crossing of signals

48
Q

What is the role of the myelin sheath

A

Maintains the electrical signal within one neuron

Increases speed of conduction in axon

49
Q

How is myelin produced

A

By oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS

50
Q

Describe the nodes of ranvier

A

Small breaks in myelin sheath with exposed area of axon membrane

51
Q

What is the role of the nodes of ranvier

A

Rapid signal conduction

52
Q

What is the overall pathway of neuron

A 
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon hillock
Schwann Cells 
Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin Sheath
Axon
Nerve Terminals
53
Q

What is the role of an astrocyte

A

Nourish neurons and form blood brain barrier

54
Q

What is the role of ependymal cells

A

Line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid

55
Q

What are microglia

A

Phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in CNS

56
Q

Where does resting potential lie

A

-70mV

57
Q

What is crucial to maintaining resting potential

A

K and Na

58
Q

Does potassium move in or out the cell

A

Out

59
Q

What is K+ equilibrium potential

A

-90mV

60
Q

What is Na+ equilibrium potential

A

60mV

61
Q

Describe peptide hormones

A

Made of amino acids

Derived from larger precursor proteins that are cleaved during post translational modification

62
Q

Describe steroid hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol

63
Q

Are peptide hormones polar or non polar

A

Polar

64
Q

Can peptide hormones pass through plasma membrane

A

No

65
Q

What do peptide hormones bind to

A

Extracellular receptors

66
Q

Are steroid hormones polar or non polar

A

Minimally polar

67
Q

Can steroid hormones pass through plasma membrane

A

Yes

68
Q

Can steroids dissolve in bloodstream

A

No they need to be carried by specific proteins

69
Q

What do direct hormones effect

A

Non endocrine tissues

70
Q

What do tropic hormones effect

A

Other endocrine tissues

71
Q

What is the role of the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

Promotes release of follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones

72
Q

Why does the anterior pituitary release hormones

A

In response to stimulation from hypothalmus

73
Q

What are the 4 tropic hormones the anterior pituitary releases

A

Follicle Stimulating
Luteinizing
Adrenocorticotropic
Thyroid Stimulating

74
Q

What are the direct hormones the anterior pituitary releases

A

Prolactin
Endorphines
Growth Hormone

75
Q

What is the role of the Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Promotes development of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males

76
Q

What is the role of luteinizing hormone

A

Promotes ovulation in females and testosterone production in males

77
Q

What is the role of the Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Promotes synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

78
Q

What is the role of the thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Promotes synthesis and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from thyroid

79
Q

What is the role of prolactin

A

Promotes milk production

80
Q

What is the role of endorphins

A

Decrease perception of pain and produc eeuphoria

81
Q

What is the role of the growth hormone

A

Promotes growth of bone and muscle and shunts glucose to these tissues

82
Q

What is a recessive trait

A

Trait that is present at the gene level but is masked and doesn’t show itself in the organism. Typically homozygous

Ex. Parents have the genes for a trait but do not have the trait themselves, their kids could have the trait

83
Q

Where does acetylcholine bind to a receptor in the initial step of contraction

A

Neuromuscular junction

MCAT 2022 (12 decks)

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