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MCAT 2022 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Do diploid cells have one or two copies of chromosomes?

A

2 copies

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2
Q

Do haploid cells have one copy or two copies of chromosomes

A

1

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3
Q

Which stages make up interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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4
Q

Describe the G1 stage

A

cells crease organelles for energy and protein production.

Size increase

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5
Q

What is the restriction point

A

DNA is checked for quality and must be passed to move on to S stage

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6
Q

Describe S stage

A

Synthesis
DNA is replicated
Chromatids (DNA strands) held together at centromere

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7
Q

Describe G2 stage

A

Postsynthetic gap
Further cell growth and replication of organelles in prep for mitosis
Another check point mussed be passed

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8
Q

Describe G0 stage

A

cell performs functions with NO prep for division

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9
Q

What are the 4 phases of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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10
Q

What occurs during prophase

A

Chromosomes condense
membrane dissolves
centrioles migrate to opposite sides of cell
spindle apparatus begins to form

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11
Q

What occurs during metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along metaphase plate

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12
Q

What occurs during anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles

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13
Q

What occurs in telophase

A

Membrane reforms
spindle apparatus disappears
cytosol and organelles are split between two daughter cells through cytokinesis

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14
Q

Describe meiosis

A

Occurs in germ cells

produces 4 non identical haploid sex cells

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15
Q

How many rounds of division and replication does meiosis have

A

1 round replication

2 rounds division

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16
Q

What is the general pathway that a nervous impulse takes in a simple reflex

A

Receptor> Afferent Neuron> Interneuron> Efferent Neuron> Effector

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17
Q

How do neurotransmitters enter the synaptic cleft

A

They are released via exocytosis

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18
Q

The Na/K pump is crucial for which of the following processes?

A

Maintenance of resting potential

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19
Q

What is the purpose of endocrine glands

A

To secrete hormones which communicate with organs and cells throughout the body

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20
Q

What is the major difference between peptide hormones and steroid hormones

A

Peptide hormones act on the cell membrane

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21
Q

How is the immune system divided

A

Innate and adaptive immunity

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22
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

Composed of defenses that take time to activate

Target a specific invader and can maintain immunologic memory

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23
Q

What is innate immunity

A

Composed of defenses that are always active

Cannot target a specific invader and cannot maintain immunologic memory

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24
Q

Where do immune cells come from

A

bone marrow

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25
Where are b cells activate
Spleen and lymph nodes
26
What are the sites in which immune cells can be mounted
Spleen and lymph nodes
27
What is site of t cell maturation
thymus
28
What is another name for white blood cells
Leukocytes
29
Describe interferons | Where they come from, what they do
Given off by virally infected cells and help prevent viral replication and dispersion to nearby cells
30
What is the role of a macrophage
Ingest pathogens and present them on MHC molecules | Secrete cytokines
31
What is a MHC
major histocompatibility complex
32
Describe MHC class I
Present in all nucleated cells and displays proteins within the cell to cytotoxic t cells
33
Describe MCH class II
Present in professional antigen presenting cells | Display proteins from outside the cell to helper t cells
34
What is the role of natural killer cells
attack cells not presenting MHC molecules | Including virally infected cells and cancer cells
35
What is the role of neutrophils
Ingest bacteria
36
What is the role of eosinophils
Used in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections. Release histamine to cause an inflammatory response
37
What are basophils
Used in allergic reactions
38
What are the different type of t cells
Helper t cells (CD4) Cytotoxic t cells (CD8) Suppressor (regulatory) t cells Memory t cell
39
What is the role of helper t cells
Respond to antigen on MHC II and coordinate the rest of the immune system
40
What is the role of cytotoxic t cells
Respond to antigen on MHC I and kill virally infected cells
41
What is the role of suppressor (regulatory) cells
Tone down immune response after an infection and promote self tolerance
42
What is the role of memory t cells
remember pathogen to produce a more rapid and vigorous immune response
43
Where is the nucleus of a cell located
Cell body
44
What is the role of Dendrites
Receive incoming messages from other cells
45
What is the role of the axon hillock
Integrates the incoming signals from dendrites | Important role in action potentials
46
What are nerve fibers insulated by
Myelin
47
What is myelin
fatty membrane to prevent signal loss or crossing of signals
48
What is the role of the myelin sheath
Maintains the electrical signal within one neuron | Increases speed of conduction in axon
49
How is myelin produced
By oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS
50
Describe the nodes of ranvier
Small breaks in myelin sheath with exposed area of axon membrane
51
What is the role of the nodes of ranvier
Rapid signal conduction
52
What is the overall pathway of neuron
``` Dendrites Cell body Axon hillock Schwann Cells Nodes of Ranvier Myelin Sheath Axon Nerve Terminals ```
53
What is the role of an astrocyte
Nourish neurons and form blood brain barrier
54
What is the role of ependymal cells
Line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid
55
What are microglia
Phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in CNS
56
Where does resting potential lie
-70mV
57
What is crucial to maintaining resting potential
K and Na
58
Does potassium move in or out the cell
Out
59
What is K+ equilibrium potential
-90mV
60
What is Na+ equilibrium potential
60mV
61
Describe peptide hormones
Made of amino acids | Derived from larger precursor proteins that are cleaved during post translational modification
62
Describe steroid hormones
Derived from cholesterol
63
Are peptide hormones polar or non polar
Polar
64
Can peptide hormones pass through plasma membrane
No
65
What do peptide hormones bind to
Extracellular receptors
66
Are steroid hormones polar or non polar
Minimally polar
67
Can steroid hormones pass through plasma membrane
Yes
68
Can steroids dissolve in bloodstream
No they need to be carried by specific proteins
69
What do direct hormones effect
Non endocrine tissues
70
What do tropic hormones effect
Other endocrine tissues
71
What is the role of the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Promotes release of follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones
72
Why does the anterior pituitary release hormones
In response to stimulation from hypothalmus
73
What are the 4 tropic hormones the anterior pituitary releases
Follicle Stimulating Luteinizing Adrenocorticotropic Thyroid Stimulating
74
What are the direct hormones the anterior pituitary releases
Prolactin Endorphines Growth Hormone
75
What is the role of the Follicle stimulating hormone
Promotes development of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males
76
What is the role of luteinizing hormone
Promotes ovulation in females and testosterone production in males
77
What is the role of the Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Promotes synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex
78
What is the role of the thyroid stimulating hormone
Promotes synthesis and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from thyroid
79
What is the role of prolactin
Promotes milk production
80
What is the role of endorphins
Decrease perception of pain and produc eeuphoria
81
What is the role of the growth hormone
Promotes growth of bone and muscle and shunts glucose to these tissues
82
What is a recessive trait
Trait that is present at the gene level but is masked and doesn't show itself in the organism. Typically homozygous Ex. Parents have the genes for a trait but do not have the trait themselves, their kids could have the trait
83
Where does acetylcholine bind to a receptor in the initial step of contraction
Neuromuscular junction

MCAT 2022 (12 decks)

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