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MCAT 2022 > MCAT Quicksheets Biochem > Flashcards

MCAT Quicksheets Biochem Flashcards

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1
Q

At a low pH are amino acids protonated or deprotonated

A

Protonated

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2
Q

At a high pH are amino acids protonated or deprotonated

A

Deprotonated

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3
Q

What is it called when an amino acid has a neutral pH

A

Zwitterion

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4
Q

What type of reaction is a peptide bond formation

A

Condensation/dehydration

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5
Q

How are peptide bonds broken

A

Hydrolysis

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6
Q

Describe the primary structure of a protein

A

Linear sequence of amino acids

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7
Q

Describe secondary structure of proteins

A

Local structure
Stabilized by hydrogen bonding
Alpha Helices
Beta pleated sheets

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8
Q

Describe tertiary structure of proteins

A

3D structure stabilized by hydrophobic interactions, acid base interactions (salt brides), hydrogen bonding, and disulfide bonds

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9
Q

Describe quaternary structure of proteins

A

Interaction between subunits

Heat and solutes can cause denaturation

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10
Q

What are ligases responsible for

A

Joining 2 large biomolecules, often same type

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11
Q

What are isomerases responsible for

A

Catalyze interconversion of isomers

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12
Q

What are lyases responsible for

A

Catalyze cleavage without addition of water or transfer of electrons

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13
Q

What are hydrolases responsible for

A

Catalyze cleave with addition of water

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14
Q

What are oxidoreductases responsible for

A

Catalyze oxidation reduction reactions that involve transfer of electrons

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15
Q

What are transferases responsible for

A

Move a functional group from one molecule to another

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16
Q

Describe saturation kinetics

A

As substrate concentration increases, reaction rate also increases until max value is reached

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17
Q

Describe a competitive enzyme

A

Binding site: Active site
Km: increases
Vmax: no change

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18
Q

Describe Noncompetitive enzyme

A

Binding site: Allosteric site
Km: No change
Vmax: Decreases

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19
Q

Describe mixed enzyme

A

Binding Site: Allosteric Site
Km: Increases or decreases
Vmax: Decreases

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20
Q

Describe uncompetitive enzyme

A

Binding site: Allosteric Site
Km: Decreases
Vmax: Decreases

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21
Q

What is a nucleoside

A

Contain 5 carbon sugar bound to a nitrogenous base

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22
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

Nucleosides with 1-3 phosphates groups added

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23
Q

What is cellulose

A

Main structural component of plant cell walls

Main source fiber in human diet

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24
Q

What are starches

A

Amylose, Amylopectin

Main energy storage forms for plants

25
Q

What is glycogen

A

Major energy storage form for animals

26
Q

What is agarose gel electrophoresis used for

A

Separating DNA molecules by size

27
Q

What is southern blotting used for

A

Detecting presence and quantity of various DNA strands in a sample

28
Q

Where does translation occur

A

At ribosome

29
Q

What is a silent mutation

A

No effect on protein synthesis

30
Q

What is a nonsense (truncation) mutation

A

Produces a premature stop codon

31
Q

What is a missense mutation

A

Produce a codon that codes for a different amino acid

32
Q

What are frameshift mutations

A

Result from nucleotide addition or deletion

and charge the reading frame of subsequent codons

33
Q

What is the initiation codon

A

AUG

34
Q

What are the termination codons (3)

A

UAA
AGA
UAG

35
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA

A

Messenger
Transfer
Ribosomal

36
Q

What is the role of mRNA

A

Carries message from DNA in nucleus via transcription of gene

37
Q

What is the role of tRNA

A

Brings in amino acids

38
Q

What is the role of rRNA

A

Makes up much of ribosome

enzymatically active

39
Q

What are the important enzymes of glycolysis

A 
Glucokinase
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK)
PFK-2
Glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase
3-phosphoglycerate Kinase
Pyruvate kinase
40
Q

What is the role of glucokinase

A

Part of glucose sensor and responsive to insulin in liver

41
Q

What is the role of hexokinase

A

Traps glucose

42
Q

What is the role of PFK 1

A

Rate limiting step

43
Q

What is the role of PFK 2

A

Produces F2,6-BP which activates PFK 1

44
Q

What is the role of Glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase

A

Produces NADH

45
Q

What is the role of 3-phosphoglycerate Kinase

A

Performs substrate level phosphorylation

46
Q

What is the role of pyruvate kinase

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

47
Q

What are the steps that catalyze irreversible reactions of glycolysis

A

Glucokinase
Hexokinase
PFK1
Pyruvate kinase

48
Q

What is pyruvate dehydogenase

A

Converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

49
Q

What are the components of the Citric Acid Cycle

A 
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Citrate
Isocitrate
Alpha Ketoglutarate
Succinyl CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Oxaloacetate
50
Q

What is the mnemonic for the Citric Acid Cycle

A 
Cindy
Is 
Kinky
So
She
Fucks
More 
Often
51
Q

How many NADH, FADH, GTP or ATP are produced from the citric acid cycle

A

NADH: 3
FADH: 1
GTP: 1

52
Q

How many NADH, FADH, ATP, or GTP are produced in glycolysis

A

NADH: 2
ATP: 2

53
Q

How many NADH, FADH, ATP, or GTP are produced in pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

NADH: 1

54
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur

A

Cytoplasm and mitochondria

Primarily in liver

55
Q

What is the role of the liver

A

Maintains blood glucose

Processes lipids, cholesterol, bile, urea, and toxins

56
Q

What is the role of adipose tissue

A

Stores and releases lipids

57
Q

What is the role of a resting muscle

A

Conserve carbohydrates as glycogen and uses free fatty acids for fuel

58
Q

What is the role of a cardiac muscle

A

Uses fatty acid oxidation

MCAT 2022 (12 decks)

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