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MCAT 2022 > MCAT Quicksheets Bio > Flashcards

MCAT Quicksheets Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Are humans eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes

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2
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

Contains all genetic material necessary for cell reproduction

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3
Q

Describe the mitochondrion

A

Location of many metabolic processes and ATP production

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4
Q

Describe lysosomes

A

Membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down many different substrates

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5
Q

Describe the rough ER

A

Interconnected membranous structure with ribosomes on the outside
Protein synthesis site of proteins destined for insertion into a membrane or secretion

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6
Q

Describe the smooth ER

A

Interconnected membranous where lipid synthesis and detoxification occurs

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7
Q

Describe the Golgi apparatus

A

Membrane bound sacs where posttranslational modification of proteins occurs

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8
Q

Describe peroxisomes

A

Organelle containing hydrogen peroxide

Site of beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids

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9
Q

Describe the fluid mosaic model

A

Phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and embedded proteins

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10
Q

Describe the exterior of the fluid mosaic model

A

Hydrophilic phosphate heads

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11
Q

Describe the interior of the fluid mosaic model

A

Hydrophobic fatty acids

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12
Q

What is the cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells
The cell is the basic unit of life
Cell arise ONLY from preexisiting cells

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13
Q

What are the stages of cell division

A 
G1
S
G2
M
Mitosis
Meiosis
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14
Q

What is the G1 stage

A

Cell increases its organelles and cytoplasm

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15
Q

What is the S stage

A

DNA replication

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16
Q

What is the G2 stage

A

Same as G1

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17
Q

What is M stage

A

cell divides in two

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18
Q

What are the stages of early development

A

Cleavage
Implantation
Gastrulation
Neurulation

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19
Q

Describe Cleavage

A

Mitotic divisions

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20
Q

Describe implantation

A

Embryo implants during blastula stage

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21
Q

Describe Gastrulation

A

Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm form

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22
Q

Describe Neurulation

A

Germ layers develop a nervous system

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23
Q

What are the steps of osmoregulation

A

Filtration
Secretion
Reabsorption

24
Q

Describe filtration

A

Occurs at glomerulus

Filtrate (fluid and small solutes) pass through

25
Q

Describe secretion

A

Of acids, bases, ions from interstitial fluid to filtrate

Maintains pH, K+, and waste

26
Q

Describe reabsorption

A

Essential substances and water flow from filtrate to blood

27
Q

What is the role of direct hormones

A

Directly stimulate organs

28
Q

What is the role of tropic hormones

A

Stimulate other glands

29
Q

What are the hormones from the anterior pituitary

A 
Follicle stimulating (FSH)
Luteinizing (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
Thyroid Stimulating (TSH)
Prolactin
Endorphins
Growth Hormone
30
Q

What are the hormones of the hypothalamus

A

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic (ADH, vasopressin)

31
Q

What are the hormones of the Thyroid

A 
Thyroid hormones (t3, T4)
Calcitonin
32
Q

What are the hormones of the parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone

33
Q

What are the hormones of the adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids

34
Q

What are the hormones of the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

35
Q

What are the hormones of the pancreas

A

Glucagon
Insulin
Somatostatin

36
Q

What are the hormones of the Testes

A

Testosterone

37
Q

What are the hormones of the ovary/placenta

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

38
Q

What are the hormones of the pineal gland

39
Q

What is the hormone of the thymus

40
Q

What are the stages of the menstrual cycle

A

Follicular
Ovulation
Luteal
Menstruation

41
Q

Describe what happens in the follicular stage of menstration

A

FSH causes growth of a follicle

42
Q

Describe what happens in the ovulation stage of menstration

A

LH causes follicle to release egg

43
Q

What happens in the luteal stage of menstration

A

Corpus luteum forms

44
Q

What happens during the menstration stage

A

Endometrial lining sheds

45
Q

Describe resting potential

A

3 Na+ pumped out for every 2 K+ pumped in

46
Q

Describe action potential

A

Stimulus acts on neuron, depolarizing the membrane of cell body

47
Q

What is humoral immunity

A

Specific defense

B lymphocytes

48
Q

Describe memory cells

A

B cell

Remember antigen, speed up secondary response

49
Q

Describe Plasma cells

A

Make and release antibodies which induce antigen phagocytosis

50
Q

What is active immunity

A

Antibodies are produced during an immune response

51
Q

What is passive immunity

A

Antibodies are produced by one organism and transferred to another organism

52
Q

What is cell mediated immunity

A

Specific defense

T lymphocytes

53
Q

What are cytotoxic t cells

A

Destroy cells directly

54
Q

What are helper t cells

A

Activate B and T cells and macrophages by secreting lymphokines

55
Q

What are suppressor T cells

A

Regulate B and T cells to decrease anti antigen activity

MCAT 2022 (12 decks)

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