MCAT Quicksheets Bio

Question 1

Are humans eukaryotes or prokaryotes

Answer 1

Eukaryotes

Question 2

Describe the nucleus

Answer 2

Contains all genetic material necessary for cell reproduction

Question 3

Describe the mitochondrion

Answer 3

Location of many metabolic processes and ATP production

Question 4

Describe lysosomes

Answer 4

Membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down many different substrates

Question 5

Describe the rough ER

Answer 5

Interconnected membranous structure with ribosomes on the outside
Protein synthesis site of proteins destined for insertion into a membrane or secretion

Question 6

Describe the smooth ER

Answer 6

Interconnected membranous where lipid synthesis and detoxification occurs

Question 7

Describe the Golgi apparatus

Answer 7

Membrane bound sacs where posttranslational modification of proteins occurs

Question 8

Describe peroxisomes

Answer 8

Organelle containing hydrogen peroxide

Site of beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids

Question 9

Describe the fluid mosaic model

Answer 9

Phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and embedded proteins

Question 10

Describe the exterior of the fluid mosaic model

Answer 10

Hydrophilic phosphate heads

Question 11

Describe the interior of the fluid mosaic model

Answer 11

Hydrophobic fatty acids

Question 12

What is the cell theory

Answer 12

All living things are composed of cells
The cell is the basic unit of life
Cell arise ONLY from preexisiting cells

Question 13

What are the stages of cell division

Answer 13

G1
S
G2
M
Mitosis
Meiosis

Question 14

What is the G1 stage

Answer 14

Cell increases its organelles and cytoplasm

Question 15

What is the S stage

Answer 15

DNA replication

Question 16

What is the G2 stage

Answer 16

Same as G1

Question 17

What is M stage

Answer 17

cell divides in two

Question 18

What are the stages of early development

Answer 18

Cleavage
Implantation
Gastrulation
Neurulation

Question 19

Describe Cleavage

Answer 19

Mitotic divisions

Question 20

Describe implantation

Answer 20

Embryo implants during blastula stage

Question 21

Describe Gastrulation

Answer 21

Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm form

Question 22

Describe Neurulation

Answer 22

Germ layers develop a nervous system

Question 23

What are the steps of osmoregulation

Answer 23

Filtration
Secretion
Reabsorption

Question 24

Describe filtration

Answer 24

Occurs at glomerulus

Filtrate (fluid and small solutes) pass through

Question 25

Describe secretion

Answer 25

Of acids, bases, ions from interstitial fluid to filtrate | Maintains pH, K+, and waste

Question 26

Describe reabsorption

Answer 26

Essential substances and water flow from filtrate to blood

Question 27

What is the role of direct hormones

Answer 27

Directly stimulate organs

Question 28

What is the role of tropic hormones

Answer 28

Stimulate other glands

Question 29

What are the hormones from the anterior pituitary

Answer 29

``` Follicle stimulating (FSH) Luteinizing (LH) Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) Thyroid Stimulating (TSH) Prolactin Endorphins Growth Hormone ```

Question 30

What are the hormones of the hypothalamus

Answer 30

Oxytocin | Antidiuretic (ADH, vasopressin)

Question 31

What are the hormones of the Thyroid

Answer 31

``` Thyroid hormones (t3, T4) Calcitonin ```

Question 32

What are the hormones of the parathyroid

Answer 32

Parathyroid hormone

Question 33

What are the hormones of the adrenal cortex

Answer 33

Glucocorticoids | Mineralocorticoids

Question 34

What are the hormones of the adrenal medulla

Answer 34

Epinephrine | Norepinephrine

Question 35

What are the hormones of the pancreas

Answer 35

Glucagon Insulin Somatostatin

Question 36

What are the hormones of the Testes

Answer 36

Testosterone

Question 37

What are the hormones of the ovary/placenta

Answer 37

Estrogen | Progesterone

Question 38

What are the hormones of the pineal gland

Answer 38

Melatonin

Question 39

What is the hormone of the thymus

Answer 39

Thymosin

Question 40

What are the stages of the menstrual cycle

Answer 40

Follicular Ovulation Luteal Menstruation

Question 41

Describe what happens in the follicular stage of menstration

Answer 41

FSH causes growth of a follicle

Question 42

Describe what happens in the ovulation stage of menstration

Answer 42

LH causes follicle to release egg

Question 43

What happens in the luteal stage of menstration

Answer 43

Corpus luteum forms

Question 44

What happens during the menstration stage

Answer 44

Endometrial lining sheds

Question 45

Describe resting potential

Answer 45

3 Na+ pumped out for every 2 K+ pumped in

Question 46

Describe action potential

Answer 46

Stimulus acts on neuron, depolarizing the membrane of cell body

Question 47

What is humoral immunity

Answer 47

Specific defense | B lymphocytes

Question 48

Describe memory cells

Answer 48

B cell | Remember antigen, speed up secondary response

Question 49

Describe Plasma cells

Answer 49

Make and release antibodies which induce antigen phagocytosis

Question 50

What is active immunity

Answer 50

Antibodies are produced during an immune response

Question 51

What is passive immunity

Answer 51

Antibodies are produced by one organism and transferred to another organism

Question 52

What is cell mediated immunity

Answer 52

Specific defense | T lymphocytes

Question 53

What are cytotoxic t cells

Answer 53

Destroy cells directly

Question 54

What are helper t cells

Answer 54

Activate B and T cells and macrophages by secreting lymphokines

Question 55

What are suppressor T cells

Answer 55

Regulate B and T cells to decrease anti antigen activity