Maurice- Social Psych Of Lang

Question 1

Organisation of speech

Answer 1

Orderly exchange of turns (words or monologue)
Situation affects e.g. informal convos, interviews have q and a but swaps, informal and formal) and ceremonies like parliament where turns pre arranged. Walker 82: timed pauses between turns about found less than 200ms on avg and completion of turn is projects le (know it’s happening)

Question 2

Managing turns

Answer 2

Duncan and fiske 72: 6 diff turn yielding cues: rise/fall in pitch at end of clause, drawl on last syllable, termination of hand gestures, stereotyped expressions like you know, drop in loudness, completion of a grammatical clause (group where verb and subject related). More cues means smoother switch. Hand gestures can be attempt suppressing signal (stop another)

Question 3

Predicting turns

Answer 3

De ruiter 2006: ps heard recordings, found accurate at predicting end of turns. When intonation synthesis to produce flat pitch but words and syntax not, still accurate but when content filtered, couldn’t tell words so speech content more important

Question 4

types of Interruptions

Answer 4

May involve simultaneous speech. Silent interruptions occur without sim speech e.g When stop to think, another takes over. Listener responses not interruptive as back channels like yea, uh huh show listening

Question 5

Dimensions of interruption

Answer 5

Roger bull and smooth 88, 14 typology of interruptions. 2 dimensions single or complex (many attempts) or successful or not (stop and completed thicker ojw turn). Excessive interruption can breakdown convo but can signal enthusiasm

Question 6

Medical consults

Answer 6

Menz 2008: doctors believe ps will talk for too long. 576 medical interviews, 48 qual anal. Non supportive interruptions used more by doctors than ps, ps suceed less interrupting, failed more W senior than junior to interrupt. Interviews take longer the more doctors interrupt, now doctors have training

Question 7

Manterrupting

Answer 7

Trump vs Clinton debate. Coined by benett 2015 as unnecessary interruption, can result in frustration. Och 2020 looked at German parliament, women 17.7% more likely to be interrupted but women interrupted men more often. Men weren’t systematic enough tot be resistance against women, it was political opposition not gender.

Question 8

Theory of communicative conflict

Answer 8

Bavelas 1990: situational theory of communicative conflict where it occurs in response to conflict where all response is negative. 4 dimensions are sender (extent it’s the speakers own opinion e.g. not parties), content (unclear is equivocal), receiver (extent addressing other person e.g. diana crowded) and cortex (answered or not)

Question 9

Study showing equivocation from conflict

Answer 9

Bavelas 90: ps shown conflict (bad presentation asked for feedback) and saw 3 responses: subtle changes like it not them, deferred replies like I’ll say later and hints like do more prep. Response to conflint means more equivocation

Question 10

Weaknesses of situational theory of communicative conflict

Answer 10

No theory of what causes it, could be role of Dave management e.g. saving face. Bull 96: conflict in political interviews created by threats to face. Need to consider consequences, analysed Diana interview as she used implicit replies but used as a skill so not deceitful bavelas. Howard deceitful as didn’t ask were politics q

Question 11

CAT

Answer 11

Communication accommodation theory- giles 2023, based on similarity attraction theory byrne 69. We reduce differences to make us more likeable, cat evolved out of speech theory as also change body lang

Question 12

Accent prestige

Answer 12

Fuertes 2012, meta anal of 20 studies comparing standard and non accent to status, solidarity and dynamism. Standard rated higher on all then regional. Did us, Spanish, French , uk (received pronunciation used)

Question 13

Accent change

Answer 13

Giles 73: accent change either divergence (more diff) or convergence (more same). Convergence can be upward (more posh) or down (regional). Willemyns 97: Australian job interviewers either used broad or posh accent. Applicants became broader/converged if broad but didn’t agree and f disagreed more than m

Question 14

Welsh convergence

Answer 14

Bourhis and Giles 97: Welsh students either integrative (learning for heratige) or instrumental (for jobs) listened to English person asking why they would learn a dead lang. instrumental softened (converged) but integrative broadened/ diverged. 3 introd Welsh words (content divergence)

Question 15

Optimal convergence

Answer 15

Possible to be over accommodating as patronising. Giles and smith 79: canadian man describing education either accommodated in speech rate, content or pronunciation, more favoured when slowed speech rate and either content or p but not both/less on all 3. Communication w elderly can be patronising

Question 16

Facial expressions background

Answer 16

measured by average transmission time, number of expressions and visibility/easy to spot - ekman and friesen 69, facial has all

Question 17

Darwin background , disgust and anger

Answer 17

Facial expressions innate, 6 basic ate disgust, anger, surprise, fear, sadness, happiness . Disgust for expelling offensive matter: nose wrinkled, cheeks raised, line below eyelid, push up. Anger is preparing for attack, frowning to protect eyes, lines between. Lips together or open/bearing teeth

Question 18

Surprise, fear, sadness happiness

Answer 18

Sup: readiness, eyebrows raised, wide eyes for more sight, horizontal wrinkles, jaw open for air- fear same but lips drawn back and tense. Sad- inner corners of brows raised, skin below forms triangle, corners of lips drawn/tremble. Happiness: corners of lips up, parted w teeth , labial lines, high cheeks, crows feet

Question 19

Functions of facial expressions

Answer 19

Darwin gave them for disgust, agner, surprise and fear but less for happiness and sadness, may be less functional but more about communicating
Smiling and crying may also be innate as communication, crying signals distress, smiling maintains attention and bond

Question 20

Posture

Answer 20

Bull 87: ps rated vids either interesting or boring. While viewing found neutral, leaning in, legs in), boredom 1 and 2 (leaning back, head tilted to a side, supported by hand, legs outstretched)
Agreements (arms in lpa, legs slithglty crossed), dis (arms folded, legs tightly crossed, see more knee)
Bull 87: posture alone strong indicator of diff attittudes

Question 21

Posture and dating

Answer 21

Vackarkulksesuk 2016: Observation: coded postures at speed dating event/4mins, experiment: 6 confeds on a dating app, each had expansive or contractive postures.Expansive: arms out, legs stretched, open, contractive is arms or legs crossed/in? expansive postures sig increased likelihood of a yes response from speed dating and being selected on a dating app. Nonverbal like smiles, not a sig predictor of a yes
Sig effects for both males and females but greater male benefit on app

Question 22

Evidence for innate- cross cultural studies

Answer 22

emotions labelled in the same way by members of literate and non literate cultures/new gunea- ekman and friesen 1971.Told ppl stories w emotions in, then shown pics of faces and asked what emotion was most relevant . Contempt id as 7th universal emotion

Question 23

Evidence for innate- disability

Answer 23

eibel - eibesfeldt 73 observed children born deaf and blind, found facial expression of emotion were appropriate to situational context
But may be learned by behaviour shaping

Question 24

Studies of facial musculature

Answer 24

Factual action coding system- ekman and friesen 78, id muscle movements in face
All but one muscle actions visible in adults id in newborns- oster ekman 77
Capacity for facial expression but not necessarily associated w emotions

Question 25

Neuro cultural model

Answer 25

Partly innate, rules vary according to culture like boys don’t cry. attenuation(feeling an emotions but inappropriate to express to that content, so tone down), amplification, concealment and substitution (feeling annoyed but want to look surprised)
Display rules may also vary according to gender, status and individuals e.g more acceptable for extreme anger in us than japan politics

Question 26

Support of the model: Types of facial expressions

Answer 26

Innate vs learned
Supported by case studies of brain damage- rinn 91: paralysis of voluntary facial movement or spon facial movement so can do one but not th other- diff systems

Question 27

Micro Expressions or subtle expressions- examples o leakage

Answer 27

V brief expressions, may vary between 1/25th and 0.5s
Subtle expressions are fragments of an expression like nose wrinkling or brow raising only
Terms usually interchangeable

Question 28

Deception detection

Answer 28

Skills at telling subtle expressions. warren 2009- encoders describe interests to get baseline measure, then lie or be honest about a pleasant then unpleasant film. Results: overall accuracy rate 50%, emotional lie detection sig better than chance 64, when watching the stressful full but pretending not to be .Non emotional lie detection worse- 34%, not better than chance. Emotional lie detection correlated w performance on subtle expression training and self reported use of facial expressions .52

Question 29

Science of lying

Answer 29

Student nurses saw countryside clip or surgery and had to lie they were seeing countryside when surgery came up ,
Found microexpression of lying, like lips showing disgust