Maurice Part 2

Question 1

Applause In political speeches

Answer 1

Atkinson analysed use of rhetorical devices to invite applause. Rd are features of a speech that show when applause appropriate, usually show completion point. Examples are contrasts (two parts similar that are compared) and 3 part lists

Question 2

Heritage and great batch

Answer 2

Studies uk political parties, contrasts responsible for 33% and lists 12% applause (most affective). Also found puzzle solution, headline punchline, position taking, combination, pursuit (trying again) but still leaves a third unexplained

Question 3

Synchrony

Answer 3

Atkinson: applause starts at completion point but bull and wells found only 65% so may be overestimation

Question 4

Content

Answer 4

Bull 2000: analysed applause not linked to rds, applause often interruptive, not synchronised and all about statements of policy, atkinson said occurs when praising or attacking- content important. Atkinson said more likely to applaud when used W rd, bull says content can induce applause W no rd

Question 5

Invited and non

Answer 5

Bull and wells: 86% invited, 14% not, reasons were direct response to content or misreading of rds, Atkinson didn’t discuss uninvited

Question 6

Delivery

Answer 6

Bull: delivery showed wether a rd is an ivitation to clap, Atkinson said delivery increases clappping from rd. when delivery did show sync claps 98%, when didn’t indicate claps, nonsync 98%. Delivery as important as rds for sync

Question 7

Culture

Answer 7

Atksinon based in uk. Bull: Japanese speeches more likely to use explicit invitations to clap 68%. In us speeches, claps less common than uk, cheering most 66% and chanting

Question 8

Equivocation and type of interviewer

Answer 8

Occurs in response to threat to personal, party or sig other face. Bull: politicians answered more audience questions 73% than interviewer 47% as interviewers asked more cc questions. Face of interviewer like reputation or pressure to be tough

Question 9

Types of questions in research

Answer 9

Split into interrgoative syntax (yes/no, alternative/disjuntive: seeking response from a range like a or b) interrogiative words: who, what when, where, why, how. non (declarative, statements proposed like a question, moodless: same but no verb, indirect asking on behalf of another person

Question 10

All the 11 rds

Answer 10

Contrast, 3 part lists, puzzle-solution, headline-punchline, position taking, pursuit, expressing gratitude, naming, - naming, joke and combination

Question 11

Tutorial

Answer 11

De bento: doctors use implicit/indirect lang when delivering bad news- used fake ps so may understand info better and have no emotional connection. Endres: med students, only good communicators improved after micro expression training, small difference, ocse doesn’t represent communication, only top and bottom, bottom may not be that bad. Warren:better at telling emotional lies but only looked at disgust

Question 12

Facial expression accuracy

Answer 12

Hall 78: reviewed studies looking at gender diff, looking at posed/ asked to adopt or spontaneous expressions. 24/75 that showed sig diff and found women were better at judging, in further 50 studies, women also better/ but in a lot theres no gender diffs

Question 13

Expression accuracy

Answer 13

Hall: how easily emotions can be judged, found gender diffs in majority, in favour of women.Women encode more clearly- womens behaviour are easier to read but depends on social context as to wether a good or bad thing. E.g. in poker,

Question 14

Channel diffs-smiling

Answer 14

La france and hecht: meta anal of gender and smiling, found sig diff, women smile more, diff most pronounce for age group 18-23. Some cultural diffs, white had more compared to african and asian americans

Question 15

Channel diffs gaze

Answer 15

Hall- review of 119 studies gaze and gender, every study w sig diff showed females gaze at others more/convo partner, results consistent w female advantage on tests of judgement accuracy

Question 16

Reasons for gender diffs- power and socialisation

Answer 16

If less social power, more important to read cues or more power from concealing emotions, smiling submissive. Women socialised to be more accommodating- make own message easy to understand

Question 17

Lakoff

Answer 17

Deficit model- male speech is normative but females deviate. Female speech more polite, lower authority, hedges (devices to lessen impact like perhaps), tag qs like isn’t it, better grammar, intensifiers, low in humour. Men’s more direct, interruptions, simple, foul, humour

Question 18

Evidence for or against lakoff

Answer 18

Holmes: studies use of you know informal or formal, used for certainty or uncertainty, women use for certainty, men not. Holmes analysed hedge I think, deliberative form as booster or tentative form as hedge, women use as a booster, men not- dispute lakoff

Question 19

Tag qs

Answer 19

Holmes found 4 functions: convey uncertainty, facilitate convo, confrontational, soften force of criticism. Uncertainty tags more by men, facilitative more by women- opposite of what lakoff would expect
Summary of lakoff criticism: function of an utterance cant be understood from anal of its ling form alone

Question 20

Powerful lang interruptions

Answer 20

Zimmerman and west 75: covert obs of opposite sex convos, men interrupt more and use to assert dominance. Murray and covelli: women interrupt men twice as often. Anderson and leaper: meta, all interruptions men more than women, when trying to take control/intrusive interruptions, stronger effect in men

Question 21

Culture theory

Answer 21

Maltz and borker: m and W differ in rules for interpreting lang. W listener responses mean I’m listening please continue, for mean it means I aggree. For meaning or as, men see questions as requests for info but women use as a convo facilitator. Females dislike verbal aggression but men see it as banter. Tanner: responsible for miscommunication

Question 22

Eval of two cultures approach

Answer 22

Mulac: men rated listener response and as as more controlling but women rated listener responses as more other focused. Men rated as as more sensitive. Polarisation- aries: anyone can display masc and fem, not mutually exclusive, depends on status, goals, situation, partner.

Question 23

Cameron-social roles-critique of two cultures

Answer 23

underestimates diffs within genders, diffs may reflect diff social roles rather than sex diffs e.g. tags. assess ppl in diff jobs, use of tag qs predicted better by social role than gender, faciliative tags used more by professionals regardless of gender to encourgae interaction e.g. doctors, tv presenters, teachers, info checking tags used by audience members, pupils

Question 24

Gender stereotypes in politics

Answer 24

Brooks 2013: to what extent are gender stereotypes applied to political candidates. Ps read newspaper article about fictional candidate, either karen or kevin bailey. Measured favourability, effectiveness in senate, effectiveness as president in 10 years. Few gender diffs, no experience in office or emotional displays- supports women candidates. Courtemanche- voter preference for women but held to higher standard in scandals

Question 25

Interruptions in politics

Answer 25

From uk gen lec 2015: Found men spoke more than women, could reflect diffs in party status
Interruptions from all speakers, most aggravated examples from females- overall no sig diffs

Question 26

Andalusia

Answer 26

In spain, men and w must have equal representation by law, at all levels or parliament
Fuentes rodriguez 2-16: m and w use similar strategies of persuasion and argument, diffs may reflect party roles- gender not sig diff