Cade Part 2 Flashcards
Sherif and Asch
Sherif: autokinetic effect illusion where point of light in dark looks to be moving, ps estimate how much light moves. When alone say distinct estimates but when in groups, converged on group estimate- norms help resolve uncertainty
Asch: say which of three lines is the same length as target, alone correct 99% of time but in group of confeds, conform 33% only 25% correct but when responded privately conformity dropped and when confed in minority, they were ridiculed - called normative influence
Types of influence
Informational: accepting info from another as evidence about reality e.g. know something i dont
Normative: one conforms to gain social approval or avoid disapproval
Referent informational: conform to norm of group when ones membership in the group is important e.g. that what people like me do
Deutsch and gerarg 95
False consensus effect-illusory norms-Ross
Overestimate the degree attitudes are shared by others
Ross 97: ps asked to wear sandwich board around campus. Measure 1 is if they worse it and measure 2 is asking what % of peers are estimated to wear the board. People who agreed estimated that many of their peers would also wear it but if said no said others would be more likely to say no
Pluralistic ignorance
Conforming to what one believes is majority view but not endoring it- katz31
Shelton and richeson 2005: b and W say want more interracial friends. b and w ps scenario enter dining and see group of ppl but both don’t move to sit W eachother, w ps W wps reason was lack of interest more than fear of rejection , others lack of interest more than self. In bps, less diff between fear of rejection and lack of interest but desired more rejection from self and more lack of interest in others. When other ps b, wps more fear of rejection from self and more lack of interest from others but in bps, less fear of rejection more lack of interest from self- show perception not accurate
Cost of nonconformity
Guilt, shame, embarrassment, ostracism. Black sheep effect: cramner 2013: cost harsher for deviants in in group . Gelfand 2011: tight cultures have strong norms and less tolerance for defiance but opposite for loose
Moral norms definition
Feldman 2018: subset of social norms. Norms that govern behaviour that have good or bad outcomes for self and others
E.g. fairness, trust
Effect of gossip
Beersma and vankleef 2011: dictator game where could donate lottery to group or keep, ps got file w showed others tendency to gossip and talk about others. When tendency to gossip low, now diff between traceable or not on contribution to group but when tendency high, more contribution when traceable (gossip can be pro social)
Moral outrage
When moral norms broken, spread quick by social media. Hofman 2014: found ps more likely to learn about immoral than moral acts and more likely to learn about it online - most anger and disgust/outrage when learn of violation online over in person or tv /print. Brady 2017: more emotions words like hate,blame the more they were retweeted valence and group membership moderated effect as more retweets amount ingroup?. Follow up- MO driven by reinforcement learning as feedback like likes predicted tweeting and more among new users-users less sensitive to rein. In extreme places where mo the norm
Benefits of non conformity
Van kleef- powerful ppl more likely to invade space, interrupt, eat mouth open and privileged more likely to lie, cheat. Belezza: imagine Woman in luxury shop in winter. Either gym clothes (nonconform) or dress and furs (conform) ps either pedestrian or shop assistant and measured if they thought woman was high status. In conform, pedestrian rated higher in both and same as shop:. Guy either teaches at good or bad uni with smart looks or not. In conform: low prestige rated higher in conform , high prestige rated higher
Leadership
Van Kleef 2013: robin hoof effect: nonconform signals good leadership. Ps watches clips of open window and target closes it -pro social of ppl look cold or selfish if ppl look hot, violation as window says don’t touch. Measured power affordable- pro social rated higher. In actual, ps waged in office, when experimenter left, confed either offered p a cup or only poured self. In pro rated more power affordable
Resistance - types
Descriptive deviance is when you diverge from avg group attitude in direction consistent w desirable group attitude. Prescriptive when diverge in inconsistent direction.
Resistance-Morrison and Miller 2008
Imagine give speech in controversial topic either descrip, prescrip or non defiant. Or give speech on affirmative action in same conditions. Found descriptive then non deviant then perspriptive in order for proud, liked, different but good, similarity and comfort but for different but bad other way round. 3: bumper sticker (demo or repub) and blue or red states. In blue states, ratio of demo to repub was higher than demo to reoub registered voters and same for red
Outrage to action
Protests over death of Freddie gray by police-mooijman 2018: no. Moral tweets increase on days W violent protests and predicted no. Arrests. Unite the right rally in Virginia 2017 over removal of confed statues. High or low moral converge as either majority or few shared views and same of diff and told others think about the protests in same or diff way. Ps said moral issue and violence more acceptable when moral same as others
Change
Moscovici: ps did colour label task, block was blue but light changed, ps asked colour and light - vocal minority said it was green, changed amount of ps and found ppl swayed when more? Minority pushed ps threshold in direction of green when it differed
Diff theories of change nemeth or moscovici
Nemeth: convergent divergent thoery: diverging from conformity is threatening so inhibit thoughts or diverging not threatening so entertain minority views good for innovation. Moscovici argued conversion effect- accept view passively but validify minority view e.g. heuristic vs systematic processing - supported by Martin and hewstone- strong or weak arguments about animal research either repd minority or majority POV, heuristic acceptance of majority - but minority - check!
