Mandy-intelligence Flashcards
Implicit theories of intelligence
These are commonly held ideas by the population about concepts like intelligence. Dwerk: created idea that intelligence mindset is flexible or fixed but not separate, continuum and chnages depending on context
Education
Costa and faria 2018: meta anal found those who saw intelligence as changeable had better grades overall, fixed had better in spec subjects. Blackwell 2007/dweck99: growth mindset leads to more motivation and achievement
Work
Heslin 2005: looked at irrelevant recognition of performance by managers (e.g say improved when not or other way), effect of poor performance on rating or if training to hold a diff belief would affect. Found managers W growth views more likely to Id changes. Irrelevant poor performance more likely to impact performance ratings of those W a fixed view. Trained to have growth mindset allowed them to see changes better
Sternberg 81
Asked people in library, in shop or train station to list intelligence behaviours in diff situations then asked others to rate them. Found 3 parts of intelligence: practical problem solving, verbal ability and social competence. Repeated and found integration, GO/attainment, contextual (from past) and fluid thought
Culturally valued
Va;encia and suzuki 2011: culturall diffs rooted in which aspects are most valued in a culture- often result of deep rooted ideas
Early and ang 2003: intelligence in one may not be the same as another
Abstract concepts
Western ideas
Aristotle and Plato: idea of soul (vegetative for plants, sensitive for animals and intellectual human) what separates us from animals, intelligence based on reasoning (discursive is slow, intuitive fast), not linked to cog abilities like memory/ perception as animals have. From sternberg: reasoning linked to problem solving, goals. Also Greco judeo Christian influence
Eastern ideas
Confucius: love eachother, honour parents, do what’s right, benevolence. Taoist: humility, freedom from conventional, response to change, self awareness. Yang and sternberg 97: asked Taiwan ppl what intelligence is, found cog and factor, interpersonal, intra (self aware), self assertion and effacement (modest). Buddhist and Hindu said noticing, comp and mental effort. Bara and das 2004: high level thinking, decision making but connected by self awareness and interpersonal
Individual vs collectivist
In Malay say adaptability, speed, creative problem solving, value social and cog. Australian say academic and adaptability (Gill and Keats). Fang and Keats 87: Chinese say observe, wide interests independent thinking, similar in AZ but aus has more logical reason and problem solve but Chinese ability to learn, confidence and analytical
Link to growth vs set
Costa and faria 2018: east link between flexible ideas and attainment, europe has link between fixed beliefs and attainment, us had - link w fixed beliefs and achievement
Reduction in cultural diffs
Lim pluker and im 2002: korean adults asked factors of intell and cross rated, found social competence, problem solving, coping w new, self management and practical competence, valued social competence the most valued - still diffs in culture but more overlap?
Og theories
Galton: Galton: forefather for intelligence testing, first to suggest we differ in intelligence, view it as measurable, influenced by plato and aristotle. The ability to reason and respond to large range of experiences via the sense. intelligence heritable/eugenics - + is encouraging e.g. hitler youth or - like stopping disabled
Binet
started iq tests, scale to support children in shcool e.g. see what they were struggling with , developed mental age norms for each age. Said intelligence can be changed and developed binet simon scale- smart as saif intell too hard to see in one test, didt want it to be used to define ppl
Goddard and terman
brought binet scale to us, saw need to representative samples, used standardisation, terminal revised scale by adding new items for new age norms, stanford binet scale. Pop term iq, defined as mental age over real x 100. but used it to define intelligence, wanted to categorised us for immigration
No consensus and yerkes
No strong theory of intelligence, journal of educational psych in 21 wanted to gather ideas: thorndike said good responses in truth and facts, terman said abstract thinking and thurstone said inhibition, some said behaviour some said measuring but no link overall. Yerkes adapted stanford Binet for ww1 (alpha for literate, beta for non, mass test )
Outcomes of bias ideas
In 1900 eugenics was popular, included sterilisation and led to nazi beliefs. Goddardused iq test in immigration , influences schools to segregate students to be good workers. Ableism and racism as terman said some cultures had low intell
