MATERNAL FINALS Flashcards
quantitative measurement or the increase
in the size of the whole or any of the body parts.
GROWTH
Physical change and increases in size.
● Generally, takes place during the firs ____ years
20
indicators of growth
○ Height
○ Weight
○ Bone size
○ Dentition
Increase in the complexity of
function and skill progression.
■ Behavioral aspect of growth
Dentition
– qualitative measurement of
increasing capacity to function at more advanced levels.
DEVELOPMENT
” is a Greek word meaning “head”
“Cephalo
means “tail.”
“Caudal”
Newborns can lift both the head and chest off
the bed; by ___ months
4
By __ months, infants have enough control to
turn over
5
By __ months, they can control their legs enough
to crawl.
9
children can stand upright and
perhaps walk
1 year
Motor development has
proceeded in a cephalocaudal order from the
head to the lower extremities.
1 year
genetic inheritance of an individual
is
established at conceptio
– sets the stage for interactive
dynamics of growth and development.
- Temperament
is a major constant in a child’s life
family
an essential
component of growth and development.
– adequate nutrition
illness, injury, or congenital conditions can
affect both growth and development.
Health
can influence a child’s
growth and development.
cultural customs
result of
instinctual drives that have a primary sexual
nature
libido
Provide oral stimulation by giving pacifiers; do
not discourage thumb-sucking.
INFANCY (1 MONTH – 1 YEAR)
may provide more stimulation
than formula feeding because it requires the
infant to expend more energy.
Breastfeeding
Freud described the toddler period as an
“anal phase”
during this time, children’s interests focus on
the anal region as they begin toilet training.
TODDLER (1 – 3 YEARS)
● Freud called PRE SCHOOLER (3 – 5 YEARS) period the
“phallic phase.”
children’s
pleasure zone appears to shift from the anal to
the genital area
PRE SCHOOLER (3 – 5 YEARS)
Masturbation is common during this phase.
PRE SCHOOLER (3 – 5 YEARS)
Freud saw the school-age period as the
“latent
phase”
a time in which children’s libido
appears to be diverted into concrete thinking.
● He saw no developments as obvious as those in
earlier periods appearing during this time.
SCHOOL AGE (6 – 12 YEARS)
develop sexual maturity and learn
to establish satisfactory relationships with the
opposite sex.
ADOLESCENT (12 – 21 YEARS)
considers the main events of
this period to be the establishment of new
sexual aims and the finding of new loved
objects
ADOLESCENT (12 – 21 YEARS)
Stresses the importance of culture and society
in development of the personality
ERIK
ERIKSONS
One of the main tenets of his theory, that a
person’s social view of self is more important
than instinctual drives in determining behavior,
allows for a more optimistic view of the
possibilities for human growth.
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ERIK
ERIKSONS’ “STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT”
– Trust VS Mistrust
Infancy
– Identity VS Role Confusion
Adolescence
Autonomy VS Shame and
Doubt
Toddlerhood
– Intimacy VS Isolation
Young Adult
– Initiative VS Guilt
Preschool –
– Generativity VS Stagnation
Middle Adult
– Industry VS Inferiority
School Age –
Ego VS Integrity
Late Adult –
Stimuli are assimilated into beginning
mental images.
Neonatal reflex (1 month)
Hand mouth and ear-eye coordination
develop.
● Beginning intention of behavior is
present.
Primary circular reaction (1 – 4 months old)
Infant learns to initiate, recognize, and
repeat pleasurable experiences from the
environment.
● Memory traces are present; infants
anticipate familiar events.
Secondary circular reaction (4 – 8 months).
Infant can plan activities to attain
specific goals.
● Can search for and retrieve toy that
disappear from view
Coordination of Secondary Reactions (8 – 12
months).
Child is able to experiment to discover
new properties of objects and events.
● Capable of space perception and time
perception as well as permanence
Tertiary Circular Reaction (12 – 18 months).
Transitional phase to the preoperational thought
period.
● Uses memory and imitation to act.
● Can solve basic problems.
Invention of new means through mental
combination (18 – 24 months)
This becomes more symbolic.
● Comprehends simple abstractions but thinking
is basically concrete and literal.
● Children are egocentric.
● Displays static thinking.
● Concrete operations include systematic
reasoning.
● Classifications involve sorting objects
according to attributes.
● Children are aware of reversibility.
● Understands conservation
2 TO 7 YEARS: PREOPERATIONAL THOUGHT
● Includes systematic reasoning.
● Classifications involve sorting objects
according to attributes.
● Children are aware of reversibility.
● Understands conservation.
7 TO 12 YEARS: CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
THOUGHT
● Can solve hypothetical problems with scientific
reasoning.
● Understands causality and can deal with the
past, present, and future.
● Adult or mature thoughts.
12 YEARS: FORMAL OPERATIONAL THOUGHT
Developed a theory on the way children gain
knowledge of right and wrong or moral
reasoning.
MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAWRENCE
KOHLBERG
punishment/obedience
orientation. “Heteronymous morality.”
STAGE 1 (2 to 3 years)
individualism. Carries out
actions to satisfy own needs rather than societies.
STAGE 2 (4 to 7 years) –
LEVEL 1: PRECONVENTIONAL
STAGE 1 (2 to 3 years)
STAGE 2 (4 to 7 years)
– orientation to interpersonal
relations of mutuality.
STAGE 3 (7 to 10 years) –
– maintenance of social
order, fixed rules, and authority.
STAGE 4 (10 to 14 years) –
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL
STAGE 3 (7 to 10 years)
STAGE 4 (10 to 14 years)
social contract,
utilitarian law-making perspectives
STAGE 5 (older than 12 years old)
universal ethical principle orientation.
STAGE 6 –
LEVEL 3: POSTCONVENTIONAL
STAGE 5 (older than 12 years old)
STAGE 6 –
– holding toys. Exploratory
(age 0 – 1) –
imitation age. Toys as Adult Toys
(age 1 – 7) –
Games and Hobbies
(age 8 – 12 years).
alone, but
enjoys the presence of others, interest is
centered on own activity.
Solitary Play (0 to 18 months)
– plays
alongside, but not with another; characteristic
of toddlers but can occur in other age groups.
Parallel Play (18 months to 3 years) –
no group.
Often follows a leader
Associative Play (3 to 6 years)
rules,
leader/relationship established.
Cooperative Play (6 to 12 years) –
Mobile
Birth – 2 months
Rattles, cradle gym
2 – 4 months
Bright-colored toys
(small enough to grasp,
large enough for safety)
4 – 6 months
Large toys with bright
colors, movable parts
6 – 9 months
Books with large
pictures, push-pull toys,
and teddy bears
9 – 12 months
always raise crib rails, when in doubt
about where to place the child, use the floor.
Falls –
– keep all plastic bags stored away
from infant’s reach, discard large plastic garment bags. After tying in a knot, do not tie
the pacifier on a string around the infant’s neck
Suffocation
– inform parents of dangers from
baby powder.
Aspiration
– check bath waters and warmed
formula and food, place plastic guards over
electrical outlets and keep hanging table clothes
out of reach. Make sure that paint for furniture
or toys do not contain lead.
Burns
– place toxic substances on high
shelves and/or locked cabinets. Administer
medications as a drug, not as a candy.
Poisoning
– transport infants in a
specifically constructed rear-facing car seat
with appropriate restraints.
Motor Vehicles
– irritability, rubbing of guns, crying.
● Nursing care – give teethers, teething
foods.
Teething
allow thumb suck
during the first year and use pacifiers.
Thumb Sucking
Nursing care – give fruits/fluid in
between feedings.
Constipation
Nursing care – avoid giving gas
forming foods, place on knee-chest
position.
Colic
Nursing care – bath often.
Miliaria (Prickly Heat)
child finds it
difficult to perform tasks.
● Nursing care – simplify tasks. Give
them one item at a time when dressing
up
Dawdling/Dilly dallying –
Nursing care – allows children to
master skills.
Ritualistic Behavior
Nursing care – do not use opposition in
a child because it increases the child’s
drive to slow his independence.
Eliminate asking questions that require
a “yes” or “no” answer.
Negativism
occurs when the child
cannot integrate his internal impulses by the
demands of reality
Temper Tantrums
– learned by imitating adults.
. Speech
there is increased
strength and physical ability, very
energetic, develops greater
coordination and stamina.
Gross Motor
good brushing
and flossing, good nutrition, fluorinated water,
regular dental check-up.
. Prevention of Dental Caries –
Allows child to use dominant hand
Handedness
Age of Dental Caries – major problem of this
stage
THE SCHOOL AGE CHILD (6 – 12 YEARS)
In addition to the rated
increase in weight and height, there is also alteration in
the body shape:
PHYSICAL GROWTH
leaner; his pelvic girth does not change
so much but his chest and shoulder broaden.
boys
– pelvis broaden; forms become smoother
because of fat deposition in the thighs, hips,
and breast.
girls
is the first overt
sign of beginning reproduction maturation.
, breast development
The earliest secondary characteristic to appear
in boys
an increase in the size of the testes
and scrotum and later the penis.
Physical body changes can result to
altered self-concept fears of rejection.
Early Adolescence (12 – 14 years)
Emancipated from parents (except
financially).
Middle Adolescence (Girls: 13 – 16, Boys: 13
– 17)
Physically and financially independent from
parents.
Late Adolescence (Girls: 16 – 21, Boys: 17 –
21)
adolescent wants
freedom but is not happy with
corresponding responsibilities that
come with it.
Ambivalence –
