Maternal & Fetal Nutrion Flashcards
Low birth rate infants are
2500 g or less
Folate deficiency is associated with
neural tube defects in infants.
When do folate deficiency problems occur
First month of gestation
What is folate found in?
Found in green leafy vegetables, whole grains, & fruits.
One food that would help to meet prepregnancy demand for folic acid is
Turnip greens
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are broken down into
age, sex, life-stage categories (infancy, pregnancy, lactation, etc.)
RDA recommends _____ kcal increase over nonpregnant state for 2nd trimester and _____ kcal increase over nonpregnancy for 3rd trimester.
340
426
Weight gain recommendations are base on
- based on ht & prepregnancy wt.
Women with inadequate wt gain have risk for _______
IUGR infants.
Severely underweight women are more likely for ____ and _____
PTL & LBW infants.
Excessive wt gain can be due to:
multiple gestation, edema, PIH & overeating.
Obesity in pregnancy also are more likely to have ___ and ______.
PIH & gestational diabetes
What is the best for use in determining appropriateness of wt gain.
BMI
<18.5 = underweight
(Gain 12.5-18kg)
18.5-24.9 = normal
(Gain 11.5-16kg)
25.0-29.9 = overweight
(Gain 7.0-11.5kg)
> 30.0 = obese
(Gain at least 5.0-9.0 kg)
Weight gain - _______ 1st trimester, then _____ for women of normal wt.
1-2 kg
0.4 kg/wk
Overweight women - gain______ in 2nd & 3rd trimesters
0.3 kg/wk
Underweight women - gain_____ in 2nd & 3rd trimesters.
0.5 kg/wk
Excessive wt gain of > ______ could be from fluid - could indicate _____.
3 kg/month
PIH
Twin gestations should gain
More than single pregnancies
New fetal & maternal tissues are synthesized primarily from _____ intake.
protein
good examples of complete proteins are.
Milk, meat, egg, cheese
____ are also good sources of proteins.
Legumes, whole grains & nuts
Advice against intake of high mercury of fish such as
(shark, swordfish, mackerel, tilefish
High protein supplementation isn’t recommended d/t increased association with ____ birth.
PT
A good choice for a protein rich food is
peanut butter
Water helps prevent against
Constipation
Dehydration can cause
Cramping, contractions, and PTL
Greater than 200 mg caffeine/day is risk of
miscarriage & IUGR infants.
All nutrients can adequately be gained from dietary sources except
folate & iron.
Iron deficiency is most common in?
Most common - adolescents, African-American women, women from low socio-economic backgrounds.
Iron deficient women –
60-120 mg FeSO4/day.
Sources of iron are
Liver, meats, whole grain breads & cereals, deep green leafy vegetables, legumes, dried fruits.
A good source of iron would be
Raisin bran crunch cereal
Should calcium be increased?
No increase - pregnancy recommendations vs. nonpregnancy recommendations.
RDI _______ for women 19 years & older, _____ for women < 19 years.
1000mg
1300 mg
Restriction is only necessary if mother has
renal failure, liver failure or HTN.
All women should have ____ about of salt
-1.5 g/day and 2.3 g/day.
Zinc deficiency is associated with malformations of the _______
CNS in infants.
Diets low in K+ = increased risk of ________ in pregnancy.
hypertension
Diet including _____ servings of unprocessed fruits and vegetables recommended for potassium.
8-10
Which vitamin is the least likely to need supplementation?
Sodium
What vitamins are toxic if ingested in large quantities?
Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamin ____ - fetus needs sufficient amounts, associated with congenital malformations in excessive amounts.
A
Vitamin A sources are
deep yellow and green vegetables.
Vitamin ____ - absorption & metabolism of calcium. Produced in skin by exposure to UV light (sunlight).
D
Vitamin ____ - protective against preeclampsia.
E
Sources of vitamin E is
nuts and fats
Vitamin ____ - aids in blood coagulation and bone metabolism.
K
Source of vitamin k is
green leafy vegetables, margarine, soybeans and lentils
What are water-soluble vitamins
Folic acid
B6
Vitamin C
B12
Vitamin B6
Protein metabolism.
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Enhances absorption of iron. One - 2 servings daily of citrus fruit or fruit juice adequate.
Women who smoke need more.
Vitamin B 12 (cobalamin)
Aids in formation of RBC’s and neural functioning.
Milk and milk products, eggs, meats and liver are sources.
Pica prohibits the action of _____.
hemoglobin
Adolescent mechanical problems common during birth (CPD) secondary to
inadequate pelvic growth vs. stature growth.
___ minutes of moderate physical activity/day if no medical or OB complications prevent.
30
_____ kcal more than nonpregnant intake first 6 months.
330
At least ______ kcal/day.
1800
What effect does alcohol consumption have on lactation?
Impairs milk ejaculation reflex.
What is it crucial to assess?
Assess financial status & knowledge of sound dietary practices.
Anthropometric measurements (body measurements- primarily ht & wt) give information on
short & long term nutritional status.
What is the only nutrition related lab test necessary for most pregnant women.
H&H
What are the 2 screens for anemia
Physiologic anemia
True anemia
One realistic dietary nursing intervention for a client is
Educate her
How should diabetics eat during pregnancy?
4-6 meals & snacks daily with carb intake evenly distributed, all intake well representative of complex carbs.
What helps with iron absorption?
Vitamin C
Counseling about iron includes
Dark green stools are normal
Coping with nausea and vomiting teaching includes?
Eat small meals frequently
Decreased fried and fatty foods
Avoid brushing teeth immediately after eating
Fiber intake should be:
28g/day
What contains fiber?
Whole grains, cereals, pasta, fruits and vegetables with peelings, nuts and legumes.
What causes pyrosis
Caused by reflux of gastric contents into esophagus.
What are interventions for pyrosis?
Small, frequent meals.
Don’t consume fluid with meals.
Don’t lie down immediately after meals.
No tight clothing across abdomen.
