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Maternal Child Nursing (Exam 2) > Genetics, Conception, & Fetal Development > Flashcards

Genetics, Conception, & Fetal Development Flashcards

1
Q

Gamete

A

Union of egg and sperm

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2
Q

Meiosis

A

Germ cell (reproductive cells) division yields cells with ½ genetic material (23 chromosomes).

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3
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Process of forming sex cells or gametes

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4
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

sperm production

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5
Q

Oogenesis

A

Egg formation

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6
Q

What increase fallopian tube motility to propel the oven to the uterus?

A

High estrogen levels

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7
Q

At ovulation the ovarian follicle releases a ______.

A

Mature ovum

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8
Q

Of are fertile for _____

A

24hrs

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9
Q

If no fertilization, what happens to the ovum?

A

It is reabsorbed

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10
Q

Ejacuation contains how many sperm?

A

200-500

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11
Q

They remain viable for how many hours?

A

49 to 72

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12
Q

What is capacitation

A

Enzymes that promote acrosome (protective covering) removal so sperm can penetrate the egg.

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13
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

in lower 1/3 of the fallopian tube.

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14
Q

When fertilization occurs the egg & sperm become _______ to any more sperm?

A

Impenetrable

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15
Q

When does Mitotic replication (cleavage) occur?

A

Begins as zygote travels toward uterus.

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16
Q

How long is transit?

A

3-4 days

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17
Q

What does the zone pelucida do?

A

Protects cells

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18
Q

How many cells does the zygote contain when it enters the uterus?

A

Called a morula and contains 16 cells

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19
Q

As cells continue to divide the structure develops & becomes known as ______?

A

Blastocyst

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20
Q

What is a woman’s window of conception?

A

3 days

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21
Q

What happens to the the blastocyst between days 6-10?

A

Embeds into endometrium (usually fundal region)

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22
Q

What is the embedding of the blastocyst called?

A

Implantation

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23
Q

What are chorionic villi?

A

fingerlike projections that develop to tap into rich endometrial blood supply (obtain O2 and dispose of CO2 here).

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24
Q

What happens after implantation?

A

The endometrium termed the decidua

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25
Q

What does pregnancy counting begin with?

A

First day of the last menstrual period.

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26
Q

Pregnancy actually occurs ______ wks after last pregnancy.

A

2 wks

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27
Q

This would be a pregnancy actually lasting

A

38 wks or 266 days

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28
Q

What is a woman’s EDC with a LMP of 01/01/2015

A

10/08/14

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29
Q

What is a woman’s EDC with a LMP of 09/28/13?

A

07/05/14

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30
Q

When is the most dangerous time fore exposure to teratogens?

A

8 wks. Still a zygote.

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31
Q

Amniotic cavity develops and eventually houses?

A

Amniotic sac

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32
Q

Amniotic fluid contains

A

800 to 1200 mL at birth

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33
Q

What does amniotic fluid maintain?

A

Fetal temp

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34
Q

What is the source of oral fluid & outlet for fetal waste?

A

Amniotic fluid

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35
Q

What does the amniotic fluid help expand?

A

baby’s alveoli

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36
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

<300mL of fluid. Fetal renal abnormalities .

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37
Q

Hydramnios

A

> 2000ml of fluid. Fetal GI abnormalities.

38
Q

What does a lecithin/sphingomyelin determine?

A

fetal lung maturity

39
Q

What does karyotyping determine?

A

& structure of chromosomes.

40
Q

A focused assessment in a baby with oligohydramnios includes

A

Urine output

41
Q

A focused assessment in a baby with hydramnios includes

A

Bowel movements

42
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

Membrane surrounding embryo.

43
Q

What does the yolk sac do?

A

Transfers maternal nutrients.
Site for initial blood & gas exchange.
Lasts only about 3 wks.

44
Q

What happens to the yolk sac after it is finished?

A

Becomes part of the fetal digestive system

45
Q

After ____ wks blood vessels develop that supply the embryo with ______ and _____ from the umbilical card.

A

3rd wk

nutrients and oxygen.

46
Q

The umbilical cord contains ____ arteries that carry blood from embryo to ___ _____.

A

2 arteries

chrorionic villi

47
Q

____ vein returns blood to embryo

48
Q

True knot?

A

places the fetus at risk before and during birth.

49
Q

False knot

A

kink or folds in the cord that compromise fetal circulation.

50
Q

Nuchal cord?

51
Q

Wharton’s Jelly?

A

cushions the vessels in the cord.

52
Q

Maternal –placental – embryonic circulation functional by day _____ when embryonic heart begins beating.

53
Q

Placental structure complete by week

_______.

54
Q

How does the placenta function?

A

Functions by producing hCG to maintain pregnancy.

55
Q

What does Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin or Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) do?

A

Stimulates maternal metabolism to promotes fetal growth.
Increases maternal resistance to insulin.
Facilitates glucose transport across placental membrane for fetus.
Stimulates breast development.

56
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintains endometrium.
Decreases contractility of uterus (in early pregnancy).
Stimulates maternal metabolism & development of breast alveoli.
May give IM to maintain threatened miscarriage.

57
Q

What does maternal estrogen do?

A

Enlarge breast tissue.

Stimulate myometrial contractility (in late pregnancy).

58
Q

What is Pinocytosis

A

Transfer of large molecules across placental membrane.

Fetal passive immunity through transfer of maternal immunoglobulins

59
Q

What is Placental tears?

A

Small breaks occasionally leak fetal blood into maternal circulation = antibody formation of RH - mothers to RH + babies.

60
Q

What is placental function?

A

Depends on maternal circulation.

At term 10% of maternal cardiac output goes to the fetus.

61
Q

What does estrogen produced by the placenta do?

A

Enlarges breast tissue

62
Q

Fetal period is

A

9 wks until delivery

63
Q

During fetal period there is less danger from _____

A

Teratogens, except those that affect CNS

64
Q

Viability (the potential to live outside the womb) possible ______ after conception.

A

20wks

Actually 22wks pregnant (from last period)

65
Q

External uterine survival depends on ____ and _____.

A

CNS and lung maturation

66
Q

A baby born at 18 wks gestation will

A

Not survive

67
Q

A baby born at 34 weeks gestation will

A

Probably survive

68
Q

After _____ sufficient surfactant is present to promote survival in most infants.

69
Q

What is Lecithin.

A

Postnatal lung expansion

70
Q

L/S ratio should be

A

2:1 - indicates fetal lung maturity

71
Q

Best test to determine fetal lung maturity is:

72
Q

Normal birth process squeezes

A

1/3 of fluid from fetal lungs

73
Q

What is the first organ system to work?

A

Circulatory system

74
Q

What are the shunts that allow blood to bypass liver and lungs?

A

Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus

75
Q

What are the 3 characteristics that allow the fetus to obtain oxygen from the maternal blood.

A
  1. Fetal hemoglobin carries 20%-30% more O2 than maternal hemoglobin.
  2. Fetal hemoglobin concentration is 50% greater than that of mother.
  3. FHR is 110-160 bpm - increased CO.
76
Q

Any woman carrying a fetus longer than ______ can have RH isoimmunization.

77
Q

_________ is stored in the fetal liver and gives the infant extra energy in situations of stress.

78
Q

_____, stored in the fetal liver, can supply infant for ____ months after birth.

79
Q

Many GI malformations occur between weeks______ of development.

80
Q

A newborn should void within ______ hrs

81
Q

The fetus can feel & must have ________ when invasive procedures are performed.

A

anesthesia

82
Q

Hypothyroidism in the fetus can cause ________

A

retardation

83
Q

Infants of diabetic mothers get _____ and _____

A

hyperglycemia & macrosomia (large baby).

84
Q

Can tell sex externally after ____ wk.

85
Q

____ is acquired through breastmilk (colostrum) - offers passive immunity.

86
Q

Fraternal twins are not

A

Genetically alike and can be different sexes

87
Q

Risk of twins increases with increased with what 3 factors?

A

increased maternal age, increased parity, and use of fertility drugs.

88
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Identical twins
One fertilized egg divides.
Same sex & same genotype (genotype).
Division usually occur between day 4 & 8 .

89
Q

What increases the risk of conjoined twins?

A

Later the cells divide the greater the chance

90
Q

What is a high risk when a woman is having twins?

A

Greater mortality due to cord accidents & combined circulatory problems.

91
Q

The biggest danger with an identical twin pregnancy is

A

Circulatory problems

Maternal Child Nursing (Exam 2) (20 decks)

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