Maternal And Child Health Flashcards
What is Maternal and Child health
State the six components of maternal and child health
Maternal and Child health (MCH) refers to the promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilative health care for mothers and children. It includes the sub areas of maternal health, child health, family planning, school health, handicapped children, adolescence, and health aspects of care of children in special settings such as day care.”
.Maternal health
•Family planning
•Child health
•School health
•Handicapped children
•Care of children in special setting such as Day care
What is maternal health?
Maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. While motherhood is often a positive and fulfilling experience, for too many women it is associated with suffering, ill-health and even death.
State six issues in maternal health
State five main reasons women die in pregnancy and child birth
Fact 1: Nearly 830 women die every day due to complications during pregnancy and childbirth
•About 303 000 women will die worldwide (in 2015) due to complications during pregnancy and childbirth. In developing countries, conditions related to pregnancy and childbirth constitute the second leading causes (after HIV/AIDS) of death among women of reproductive age.
Fact 2: Women die in pregnancy and childbirth for 5 main reasons
These are severe bleeding, infections, unsafe abortion, hypertensive disorders (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia), and medical complications like cardiac disease, diabetes, or HIV/AIDS complicating or complicated by pregnancy.
Fact 3: More than 135 million women give birth per year
About 20 million of them are estimated to experience pregnancy-related illness after childbirth. The list of morbidities is long and diverse, and includes fever, anaemia, fistula, incontinence, infertility and depression. Women who suffer from fistula are often stigmatized and ostracized by their husbands, families and communities.
Fact 4: About 16 million girls aged between 15 and 19 give birth each year
They account for more than 10% of all births. In the developing world, about 90% of the births to adolescents occur in marriage. In low- and middle-income countries, complications from pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death among girls
Fact 5: Maternal health mirrors the gap between the rich and the poor
Less than 1% of maternal deaths occur in high-income countries. The maternal mortality ratio in developing countries is 239 per 100 000 births versus 12 per 100 000 in developed countries. Also, maternal mortality is higher in rural areas and among poorer and less educated communities.
Other issues:
•Smoking
•Depression
•Violence
•Discrimination (nutrition, education, social rights, culturally)
What is maternal death
Fast Facts about Maternal Health…WHO Fact sheet
•Every day, approximately 830 women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth.
•99% of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries.
•Maternal mortality is higher in women living in rural areas and among poorer communities.
•Young adolescents face a higher risk of complications and death as a result of pregnancy than other women.
•Skilled care before, during and after childbirth can save the lives of women and newborn babies.
•Between 1990 and 2015, maternal mortality worldwide dropped by about 44%.
True or false
Defined as death of either a pregnant woman or death of woman within 42 days of delivery, spontaneous abortion or termination providing the death is associated with pregnancy or its treatment.
Or death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy
This is irrespective of the duration or site of the pregnancy
So a 4 weeks pregnant woman if she dies it’s maternal death if the death is related to the pregnancy
All maternal deaths are either what or what,
What is not classified as maternal deaths?
Why do women die concerning pregnancy?
State five complications that account for nearly 75 percent of maternal deaths
Direct obstetric deaths or indirect obstetrics deaths
Accidental or incidental causes of death are not classified as maternal death
Women die as a result of complications during and following pregnancy and childbirth.
The major complications that account for nearly 75% of all maternal deaths are:
•severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth)infections (usually after childbirth)
•high blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia)
•complications from delivery
•unsafe abortion
•The remainder are caused by or associated with diseases such as malaria, and AIDS during pregnancy.
The complications leading to a maternal death can occur without warning at any time during pregnancy and childbirth. And for every woman who dies, approximately 20 more suffer injuries, infection and disabilities. Most maternal deaths can be prevented if births are attended by skilled health personnel – doctors, nurses and midwives – who are regularly supervised, have the proper equipment and supplies, and can refer women in a timely manner to emergency obstetric care services when complications are diagnosed. Complications require prompt access to quality obstetric services equipped to provide lifesaving drugs, antibiotics and transfusions and to perform Caesarean sections and other surgical interventions.
•Source: WHO, Systematic Review of Causes of Maternal Death (preliminary data), 2010.
Explain the three delays model
Why do women not get the care they need? Why do these women die?
Three Delays Model
Delay in decision to seek care:
•Lack of understanding of complications
•Acceptance of maternal death
•Low status of women
•Socio-cultural barriers to seeking care
Delay in reaching care:
•Mountains, islands, rivers — poor organization
Delay in receiving care:
•Supplies, personnel
•Poorly trained personnel with punitive attitude
•Finances
State four places maternal mortality data comes from
Vital registration data - MM Rate and MM Ratio
•Health service data – maternity registers - MM Ratio
•Special studies
•Hospital studies – tracing deaths, interviews
•Research, longitudinal studies, verbal autopsy
•Surveys & censuses
•Direct estimation - Rate and Ratio
•Sisterhood method (indirect) – Rate and Ratio
State six interventions for maternal care
Interventions for Maternal Care
•SAFE MOTHERHOOD SD
•ANC
•EOC(emergency obstetrics care)
•FP
•BASIC MATERNITY CARE
•PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
•EQUITY FOR WOMEN
Antenatal care
•Nutrition support (anemia)
•Personal hygiene, dental care, rest and sleep
•Immunization (mother and the new born)
•Education on delivery and care of the new born
•Identifying high risk pregnancies
•Emphasizing on ANC visits and maintenance of AN card
•Importance and management of lactation
•Advise on birth spacing
•FP: Family planning, ANC: Antenatal care, SD : Clean safe delivery, EOC: Emergency obstetrics care
State four maternal mortality indicators (know how to calculate them)
Maternal Mortality Indicators
•Maternal mortality ratio
•Maternal mortality rate
•Life-time risk of maternal mortality
•Proportion maternal
Life time risk of maternal mortality = (N of maternal deaths over the reproductive life span) / (women entering the reproductive period)
•Proportion maternal = proportion of all female deaths due to maternal causes = (N of maternal deaths in a period/Number of all female deaths in same period) * 100
This may be wrong so check
Facts about child health
•An estimated 5.0 million children under the age of 5 died in 2020.More than half of these early child deaths are due to conditions that could be prevented or treated with access to simple, affordable interventions.
•Leading causes of death in under-5 children are preterm birth complications, pneumonia, birth asphyxia, diarrhoea and malaria. About 45% of all child deaths are linked to malnutrition.
•Children in sub-Saharan Africa are more than 14 times more likely to die before the age of 5 than children in developed regions.
True or false
State four childhood health problems
Know the sustainable development goals
Malnutrition: e.g. protein energy malnutrition, iron deficiency anemia, rickets and vitamins deficiencies.
•Injuries: Of several categories including:-
•Wounds and fractures
•Chemical poisoning
•Swallowing of objects
•Road Traffic Accidents
•Burns
•Drowning
SDG goals
1.no poverty
2.zero hunger
Good health and well being
Quality education
Gender equality
Clean water and sanitation
Affordable and clean energy
Decent work and economic growth
Industry,innovation and infrastructure
Reduced inequalities
11.sustainable cities and communities
12.responsible consumption and production
13.climate action
14. Life below water
15. Life on land
16.peace and justice ,strong institutions
17.partnerships for the goals
State three emerging issues in child health
What is the global response to this
Congenital anomalies
•Injuries
•Non-communicable diseases (chronic respiratory diseases, acquired heart diseases, childhood cancers, diabetes, and obesity)
Sustainable Development Goal #3
•Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2015 aim to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all children. The SDG goal 3 target 3.2 is to end preventable deaths of newborns and under-5 children by 2030.
Other interventions include integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) (this IMCI includes management of illness,nutrition,immunization,other disease prevention ,promotion of growth and development )
Nurturing newborns and their mother
Infant feeding
Vital vaccines
Combating diarrhea ,pneumonia and sepsis and malaria
Prevention and care for HIV
State four indicators of child health and how they are calculated
There can be no keener revelation of a society’s soul than the way it treats its children”
Nelson Mandela, 1988
Mortality in infancy and childhood
•Perinatal mortality rate:28weeks of gestation to birth is perinatal. Death at 28 weeks of gestation is still birth
•Neonatal mortality rate:birth to 28 days. Birth to 7 days is early neonatal death and 7-28days is late neonatal death
•Infant mortality rate:infant is birth to 1 year.
Post neonatal death is from 28 days to 1 year
•Under 5 mortality rate (Child mortality rate)
