Key Concepts Of Family Health

Question 1

What is development and growth

What are the three main domains of development

Answer 1

The field of human development focuses on the scientific study of the systematic processes of change and stability in people. Developmental scientists look at ways in which people change from conception through maturity as well as at characteristics that remain fairly stable.

Growth predominately concentrates on the physical changes that take place across different parts of the body.

DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT
Developmental scientists study three major domains, or aspects, of the self: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial. Growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health are parts of physical development. Learning, attention, memory, lan- guage, thinking, reasoning, and creativity make up cognitive development. Emotions, per- sonality, and social relationships are aspects of psychosocial development.

Question 2

Family Health beliefs and Practices is an aspect of
State the three causes of illness
The beliefs of the causes of I’ll see are the foundation of what?
What is the germ theory

Answer 2

Family Focus

•The causes of illness are understood through three different, although overlapping models.
•Illness can come from
1. Spiritual causes,
2. Imbalance of Am and Duong (similar to the ying and yang in other Asian cultures) or imbalance roff internal forces in the body and
3. Western concepts of disease (i.e. germ theory).
• These beliefs are the foundation for the traditional healing practices and views of western medicine

the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope.

Question 3

What do cultural differences affect?
Patients and their families bring culture specific ideas and values related to what four things?

addition, culture specific values influence patient roles and expectations, how much information about illness and treatment is processed true or false
Family health values beliefs and priorities are established through what ?
What are they dependent or based on ?
Family health beliefs are based on shared definitions of?
What do they include?

Answer 3

• CULTURAL DIFFERENCES affect patients’ attitudes about medical care and their ability to understand, manage, and cope with the course of an ILLNESS, the meaning of a diagnosis, and the consequences of medical treatment.
• Patients and their families bring culture specific ideas and values related to *concepts of health and illness, *reporting of symptoms, *expectations for how health care will be delivered, and *beliefs concerning medication and treatments.

Family health values, beliefs, and priorities are established through family traditions and culture.

• they are dependent or based on available resources (time, money, food, health care services, etc.) to sustain and support healthy living and accessibility of health care.
• Family health beliefs are based on shared definitions of health and
• They include informal guidelines for promoting and sustaining health as well as caring for family members who are sick or injured. Family health values relate to the overall importance of health in daily life.

Question 4

All cultures have systems of health beliefs to explain what causes illness, how it can be cured or treated, and who should be involved in the process.
True or false
What is a family (give four definitions)
Explain how you can be family legally and by choice

Answer 4

True
•Family is considered as the unit of care and is represented as a group of people who rely on one another for care, support, guidance, security and companionship
From the Oxford English Dictionary, the word Family refers to:
i). a father, mother and their children (sons/or daughters); also called nuclear family.
ii). A kin, tribe, also called extended family.
iii). a group of people who live together, or one that is similar to one that is related by blood, marriage, law, or custom, or members of one’s intimate social group.
➢Any group of people related biologically, emotionally /or legally. (Pequegnat & Bray 1997).

➢A group of intimates who share a common history and wish to share a common future –Kinship group (Ransom & Van Dervoord 1973)

➢“Persons related by blood, marriage or strong emotional commitment to each other’s physical, emotional or spiritual well being”.

Main definition:
The family may thus be defined as that group of individuals connected to a person
•BIOLOGICALLY,
•LEGALLY, or
•BY CHOICE
from whom the person can reasonably expect a measure of support in the form of food, shelter, finance, and emotional nurturing.

Legally;adoption,working in the A place w coworkers you are bound by a contract to be working there and your coworkers can offer a form of support to you for example emotional support if a coworkers spouse dies
By choice:being close friends w someone and forming a pact and helping each other towards the achievement of that pact

Question 5

What are the four types of families

Answer 5

-Families with a marriage bond
•Heterosexual
•homosexual

-Mono-, bi- or poly- gamy
•Polyandry – a woman with > one husband or
•Polygyny- a man having more than one wife at same time
•Serial marriage:you marry and you divorce and you marry and divorce or a succession of marriages in which a person has several spouses over a lifetime but is legally married to only one person at a time(serial monogamy)
•Concurrent:you’re married to bunch people and living in the same house w all of them
-Kinship relationship
•Patri- or Matri- linear descent thru male or female lines
-Nuclear or extended

Question 6

The family models were developed within which disciplines

What are the four basic family models and state the people who brought them about and the year they were brought about

Answer 6

FAMILY MODELS
•These family models were developed within the discipline of psychology or sociology
•Each model has a unique perspective of understanding the family
•The Family models have been grouped according to their basic focus as
•Developmental,
•Interactional;
•Structural-functional, and
•Systems models.

1.  Family Interactional Model
• Virginia Satir’s  - 1972
2.  Family developmental models:
• Evelyn Duvall’s     - 1977
• Joanne Stevenson’s,   - 1977
3.  Structural-Functional Models:
• Marilyn Friendman’s 1986
• Calgary’s Family Model,
4.  Systems approach.

Question 7

The word Health originated from which old English word?

What Is health
What is the definition of health according to WHO
When is a family said to be well and healthy

Answer 7

•The word health originates from the Old English word ‘hale’ [hǣlth] of Germanic origin, meaning wholeness, or being whole, sound or well.
➢ a state of well-being, free from disease;
➢ general condition of body and mind
➢ Health is the general condition of a person in all aspects. It is also a level of functional and/or metabolic efficiency of an organism, often implicitly human.
➢ The state of being hale, sound, or whole, in body, mind, or soul; especially, the state of being free from physical disease or pain.

WHO defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social and spiritual well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

•Definition applied to family health-
implies when a family is in a state of being free from physical or psychological disease, illness, or malfunction/dysfunction –The family is said to be well or healthy

Question 8

What is family health
What theory is this definition based on
Which people believe they are resistant to pain

Answer 8

when a family is in a state of well-being or balance, often physical but sometimes also mental and social, including the overall level of function of an organism (family) from the cellular (micro) or individual level to the social (macro) family or community level.

Systems theory
Fulani people

Question 9

Belief refers to what
All culture have systems of health beliefs to explain what?
Cultural issues play a major role in patient compliance
Why?
Western societies see disease as what?
Other societies believe Illness is due to what? So they promote what

Answer 9

C) BELIEF REFERS TO:
•(i). Mental acceptance of a claim as truth
• regardless of supporting or contrary
• empirical evidence.
•(ii). Something believed
•(iii). The quality or state of believing
•(iv). Religious faith.
• (v). One’s religious or moral convictions

All cultures have systems of health beliefs to explain what causes illness, how it can be cured or treated, and who should be involved in the process.

•Cultural issues play a major role in patient compliance.

•Western societies which see disease as
-a result of natural scientific phenomena therefore advocate medical treatments that combat microorganisms or use sophisticated technology to diagnose and treat disease.

•Other societies believe that illness is

• the result of supernatural phenomena and
• promote prayer or other spiritual interventions that counter the presumed disfavor of powerful forces.

Question 10

Give an EXAMPLE OF HOW CULTURE/BELIEFS AFFECT HEALTH IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD according to the Asians or Pacific Islanders

Answer 10

Asians/Pacific Islanders = large ethnic group in US.
These have several important cultural beliefs that doctors should be aware of
➢The extended family has a significant influence, and the oldest male in the family is often the decision maker and spokesperson.
* The interests and honor of the family are more important than those of individual and family members.
** Older family members are respected, and their authority is often unquestioned.
Maintaining harmony is an important value therefore there is a strong emphasis on avoiding conflict and direct confrontation
However lack of disagreement doesn’t indicate patient and family agree with or will follow the treatment recommendations because they avoid conflict and direct confrontation w older family members cuz they ascribe them w lots of authority
The health personnel is seen to have authority so they will avoid direct confrontation w the health personnel but that doesn’t mean they’ll take the treatment
With these people yoj need to keep checking up on them to see if they are keeping up w the regimen

Question 11

Give an EXAMPLE OF HOW CULTURE/BELIEFS AFFECT HEALTH IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD according to the Chinese and Indian and Pakistan patients

Answer 11

Among Chinese patients, because the behavior of the individual reflects on the family, mental illness or any behavior that indicates lack of self-control may produce shame and guilt. As a result, Chinese patients may be reluctant to discuss symptoms of mental illness or depression.

3. Indian and Pakistan patients are reluctant to accept a diagnosis of severe emotional illness or mental retardation because it severely reduces the chances of the family getting married.

Question 12

Give an EXAMPLE OF HOW CULTURE/BELIEFS AFFECT HEALTH IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD according to the Vietnamese and Russians

Answer 12

In Vietnamese culture,
Mystical beliefs were used to explain physical and mental illness.
Health is viewed as the result of a harmonious balance between the poles of hot and cold that govern bodily functions. Vietnamese don’t readily accept Western mental health counseling and interventions, particularly when self-disclosure is expected. However, it is possible to accept assistance if trust has been gained.

5. Russian immigrants frequently view U.S. medical care with a degree of mistrust. As a result, many Russian patients find it difficult to question a physician and to talk openly about medical concerns. Patients expect a paternalistic approach-the competent health care professional does not ask patients what they want to do, but tells them what to do. This reliance on physician expertise undermines a patient’s motivation to learn more about self-care and preventive health behaviors.

Question 13

Give an EXAMPLE OF HOW CULTURE/BELIEFS AFFECT HEALTH IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD according to the Hispanics
How do Hispanics view illness
Which remedies do they prefer to use
What is a folk healer known as in Hispanic culture
Give an example of hispanic traditional practices or medicines that have adverse effects

Answer 13

Hispanics share a strong heritage that includes family and religion, each subgroup has distinct cultural beliefs and customs.
➢Older family members are respected and are often consulted on important matters involving health and illness.
Fatalistic views are shared by many of these patients who view illness as God’s will or divine punishment brought about by previous or current sinful behavior. Hispanic patients may prefer to use home remedies and may consult a folk healer, known as a curandero.
&raquo_space; Physician assistants should respect patients’ health beliefs that may not be consistent with a biomedical model of disease etiology.
For example, some Latino/Hispanic families believe in folk illnesses such as empacho (gastrointestinal discomfort), susto (a form of panic attack), or mal de ojo (evil eye). Many traditional practices used to treat these and other folk illnesses may be entirely benign, while others have been associated with adverse health outcomes. Folk medicines such as greta and azarcon, often used by Mexican Americans, may contain elevated lead levels and have been associated with lead poisoning in children.

Question 14

Give an EXAMPLE OF HOW CULTURE/BELIEFS AFFECT HEALTH IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD according to the African Americans
What us an important support system for many African Americans

Answer 14

Many African-Americans -
•participate in a culture that centers on the importance of family and church.
•There are extended kinship bonds with grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, or individuals who are not biologically related but who play an important role in the family system.
•Usually, a key family member is consulted for important health-related decisions.
•The church is an important support system for many African-Americans.

Question 15

Give an EXAMPLE OF HOW CULTURE/BELIEFS AFFECT HEALTH IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD according to the Africans
Family values of Africans vary based on what three things
State the difference between African family values and western family values
Explain the fact that ideals held in the African system are socialist based and western are capitalist based

Answer 15

African and Western Family Values/Beliefs are different
•from one family to another and across countries. .
•Family values/beliefs vary based on
- the economic environment,
- political climate and
- cultural domain of individuals
•They also change from generation to generation.
African family values are simple, community oriented, homogenous and traditional.
•Western family values are however, complex, individually oriented, heterogeneous and modernized.
•The ideals upheld in this system are sacred and socialist based.

•The ideals in the Western system are technologically advanced and capitalist based.

Socialist based means communal or community :so everyone is involved in the fam values
It involved the whole community
Capitalist:individualistic and nuclear family based
By separating citizens into small families supported by only two adults

Question 16

AFRICAN FAMILY VALUES CAN BE DISCUSSED UNDER Six HEADINGS,name them

Answer 16

AFRICAN FAMILY VALUES CAN BE DISCUSSED UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADINGS.
   •  Community living and family tasks
•   The sacredness of life
•   Hospitality and human relations
•   The love of children
•   Respect for authority
•   Religion/ beliefs

Question 17

Explain African family values with respect to community living and family tasks
Family dynamics involves what?
Where an individual member should go for care is decided by who

Answer 17

Communal living plays a very strong role in Africa.
(Everyone is part of a big family, and loyalty to family members, friends and community member is very keen).

• Relationships are encouraged and values are of sharing, generosity, caring and hard work is stressed.
• Hierarchy is maintained with clear role division across all age groups and the different gender.

•They have a language and identity, a sense of belonging and self worth;
•Family values are interwoven with ceremonial activities which promote healthy moral behavior.
These include circumcision ceremonies for young men which help to encourage values such as virginity and chastity.

• COMMUNITY LIVING AND FAMILY TASKS CONT’D
• The ‘bonding factor’ has been removed in many developed countries by industrialization, organization and technological progress.
• Family Dynamics involves the physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual forces; as well as ‘patterns of activity’ of the family system, such as growth, organization, communication and adaptation to change.
• The Physician Assistant should be open minded with good communication skills. He/she must understand the patient’s perception of the illness.
• Where an individual member should go for care is usually decided by another family member.

Question 18

Explain African family values with respect to sacredness of life

Answer 18

Religious and moral beliefs have mystical and transcendental explanations in Africa.

• The family is not a mere social entity, it includes the environment and resources.
• There are discrete ethnic sets of values depicting right and wrong which may influence the individual’s perception of illness. Some may perceive their illness as punishment for misdeeds.
• Every living thing is treated with respect and every part of the body is valued as a whole.
• Good communication skills and trust between the patient and the physician assistant help in the decision-making process.
• Issues that affect masculinity and feminity should also be looked into in order to provide adequate health care options and influence behavioural change. E.g. use of condoms.
• Fertility, in Africa is a primary function of the woman
• the more children a man has, the more his importance in the society. Children are seen as the main purpose of marriage, without which, the marriage is said to have failed.

Involuntary childlessness has negative consequences on the wife such as physical abuse, stigmatization, psychological suffering and loss of family support from the in laws/ or husband.

•There is a ‘culture of silence’ and ‘secrecy’ involved in handling the issue of infertility even when visiting the health care provider. Most of her complaints are vague and not connected to their infertility.

Question 19

Explain African family values with respect to hospitality and human relations
What is a household
In Uganda what happens to widows

Answer 19

HOSPITALITY AND HUMAN RELATIONS:
•In Africa, traditional extended family allows for relations or children of friends to live together.

•A house hold refers to all the people eating from the same pot, and living together under the same roof.

• In some cultures, the wife is expected to entertain a male guest who stays overnight.
• In widowhood, the woman either re-marries an inlaw or marries the first son of her late husband’s first marriage if she is the young wife.
• In Uganda, a widow goes through ‘sexual cleansing’ by her brother in-law at the end of the period of bereavement to break the bond with the deceased husband’s spirit.
• Unfortunately, all these are forms of sexual networking aiding the spread of HIV/AIDS.
• Health promotion programmes and legislation are required to discourage these practices.

Question 20

Explain African family values with respect to love of children
In Africa having children is a fulfilment of what
In western society who is regarded as a child
In which culture does the paternal grandmother stay w fam and which culture does the maternal grandmother Stay w fam

Role modeling prepares the female for what and the male for what?

Answer 20

In Africa, having children is the fulfillment of social expectations in families. Children = an investment to take care of their parents in old age.

• duty is to care for their children (though children are not obliged to reciprocate) as this depends on the child’s judgement of the circumstances. Child’ rights have helped to strengthen this.
• In the Western society, anyone below eighteen years is regarded as a child, on the contrary, being a child takes a lifetime in the African societies. This affects issues relating to decision-making and informed consent.
• Male children have a higher value attached to them than female children, because they continue the family name. The absence of a male child causes marital disharmony, spousal abuse and neglect.
• In Yoruba culture (in South-west Nigeria), the paternal grandmother stays with the family to care for the new born.
• However, in Igbo culture (in Eastern Nigerian), the maternal grandmother is responsible for this task.
• These are important when the Physician assistant is considering family support issues and child welfare protocol.
• Parents also move to the children’s home as care givers, in the actualization stage of life and this is important in planning health management options for the elderly.
• Indiscipline is not entertained by the family and community. ‘Spare the rod and spoil the child’ is taken seriously. Not only the natural parents administer this, but even adult members of the community.
• Role modeling prepares the female child for domestic work and the male child for outdoor work such as farming.
• Unfortunately in some communities, some are forced child labour or the girl child is married off depriving her of a fulfilled childhood and *increasing the risk of teenage pregnancy, with its associated complications.
• These include vesico-vaginal fistular (VVF).

Question 21

Explain African family values with respect to respect for authority
What kind of system is the extended family
Most African families are what types of families
State some things kid are taught to adopt from an early age w regards to respect

Answer 21

The extended family includes the domestic, chiefdom and kingdom levels and goes on beyond the walls of the house.

●It is a tier system rather than a unitary system.
●The father is the king and the mother is the queen in the traditional African society.
●Most African families are extended and polygamous, and include the ancestors, rather than being nuclear and monogamous.
●However, many African families are becoming westernized and are now adopting the nuclear family system.

●Children are taught to respect their elder’s right from a very early age and must not look straight into the eyes of the older person talking to them.
●They must also not turn away when rebuked.
●First name basis is not used for older siblings and the proper language must be used for salutation.
●Using communication skills, the physician assistant must be able to promote trust and acceptance.
●Filial obligations values provide the traditional support for the elders in the community. Family threats and divine punishment enforced this duty, but due to reduced resource capacity of the middle generation, there has been a shift in the status criteria.

• In some cultures, family members withdraw support, especially financial, for the treatment of the elderly, and save it for the traditional burial ceremonies which are elaborate and expensive.
• Physician Assistants play a role in the care of the elderly in Africa.
• With improving health care, the population of the elderly is increasing. Physician Assistants should be involved in the teams to manage them for chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arthritis and blindness especially cataracts.

Question 22

Explain African family values with respect to religion and beliefs
Why did the elders keep superstitions alive
Give an example of a harmful taboo
How does religion affect the infertile woman
Family members w different faith leads to what ?
How is the use of mosquito nets misinterpreted w regards to religion
State three countries FGM is done in

Physicians Assistants in Africa need to uphold the dignity of human life.
•Understanding the cultural, social and religious beliefs and practices will help to ensure this is done.
•The physician assistant should also able discuss available treatment options with the patient and caregivers.
•Ethical issues such as the principles of respect, beneficence, nonmaleficience, confidentiality and informed consent must also be emphasized.
•Engaging in narrative studies will also enable the PA to appreciate the Family values in African culture and aid in health planning and implementation of health policies.
True or false

Answer 22

Traditionally, the fear of the Divine was very strong even if mediated through lesser gods. This helped to maintain law and order.
➢The young respected the elders and the order of hierarchy.
➢Religion of all faiths taught respect and humility and influenced the care of the family.
➢When coping with stress and illness, religion and spirituality also play an important role.
➢Supporting the patient’s spiritual values strengthens the PA-patient relationship.

➢Some of the many reasons why the elders kept superstitions alive were to instill fear.
➢If a crime was perpetrated against the norms of the community, the elders would declare through incantations from traditional healers that something catastrophic could occur to either the individual or the family members.
➢Psychological disturbances and even ill health would ensue, but once confessions are made, or sacrifice, things would return to normal both for the individual, for the family or for the community.
➢These “success” stories help to lure people away from orthodox care to traditional healers. However, some taboos are harmful and Mary Slessor, a missionary in South-Eastern Nigeria, helped to abolish the practice of killing twins.

➢For the infertile woman, religion influences her psychological wellbeing. It may give positive support, or appear as a form of punishment.

➢Collectivity is another issue with regards to religion and members of the community partaking in various festivities and respect each other’s taboos.

➢Family members now may have different faith, however, this also leads to social divisiveness, and could lead to misunderstanding and religious classes.

➢These communities live in fear of violence and medical teams must be prepared for emergencies which may arise there from.

➢The use of screens and barriers such as mosquito nets as a preventive measure against malaria may be misinterpreted in some cultures. For instance, in Benue State, Nigeria, the traditional use of net is for interring the dead.
➢The practice of various forms of female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM or FGC) is done in many African countries, including Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, Egypt, Ethiopia and Kenya.
➢These procedures involved are irreversible and may lead to death.
➢The Physician Assistant plays the role of advocacy against FGM, and gives advice on adolescent and sexual health and Universal Primary Education.

•

Question 23

State four STRATEGIES FOR WORKING WITH PATIENTS IN CROSS-CULTURAL SETTINGS

Answer 23

Learn about the cultural/ traditions beliefs of the patients you care for.
•Pay close attention to body language, lack of response, or expressions of anxiety that may signal that the patient or family is in conflict but perhaps hesitant to tell you.
•Ask the patient and family open-ended questions to gain more information about their assumptions and expectations.
•Remain nonjudgmental when given information that reflects values that differ from yours.
•Follow the advice given by patients about appropriate ways to facilitate communication within families and between families and other health care providers.

Question 24

The health practices of the family is a primary concern for us as physicians assistants
•Each family cares for its health in a manner consistent with its own unique set of values, capabilities, resources, and life styles.
State six family health practices

Answer 24

.Recognizing
•Seeking health care
•Managing
•Providing nursing care to sick
•Maintaining
•Reciprocal relationship with the community and its health institutions

Question 25

Explain recognition as a family health practice

Answer 25

Recognizing interruptions of health or development, such as illness or a child’s failure to thrive.

• Families differ in their concepts of illness and health: eg, backache may constitute an illness in one family but is an expected normal occurrence in another;
• preventive care like immunizations may be considered important by some, unimportant by others.

Question 26

Explain seeking health care as a family health practice

Answer 26

• The family must decide whether
• to see a physician,
• to ask a chemist’s advice,
• to institute home remedies, or
• to “just wait and see” each time a family member is indisposed.
• Usually the family is the first to recognize any deviation from normal health; and when necessary, it must take the first step toward getting into the health care system.
• No amount of professional “outreach” can compensate for family lethargy or resistance to care.

Question 27

Explain managing as a family health practice

Answer 27

Managing health and non health crises - Sooner or later, every family will face a crisis:
~ Severe or incapacitating illness, health, childbirth, and hospitalization affect all families at some time.

●Non-health crises: unexpected unemployment, military service, moving into an unfamiliar community) also have an effect on health since, if poorly met, these episodes place great emotional strain on the family as a group as well as on its individual members.

A health crisis of a family member can cause a non health crisis in another family member

Question 28

Explain providing nursing care to the sick as a family health practice

Answer 28

oProviding nursing care to sick, disabled, or dependent members of the family.

oOnly a small fraction of illnesses are cared for in hospitals or other institutions.

oTreating minor ills and personal care of the very young or the very old, tending the sick before and after hospitalization, or caring for ambulatory patients who require special treatment-all represent health care demands commonly placed upon the family.

oHome care may range in complexity from providing dialysis to caring for a child with a common cold.

Question 29

Explain maintaining a home environment conducive for good health and personal development as a family health practice

Answer 29

The home should be physically safe;

• a place in which elderly members are protected from falls and in which young children are not exposed to rat bites or tempted by accessible switches on the gas stove.
• It should also provide a stable emotional and social environment, an atmosphere of confidence and mutual concern, a modicum of beauty and comfort, and room in which to relax and grow.

Question 30

Explain RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE COMMUNITY AND ITS HEALTH INSTITUTIONS as a family health practice

Answer 30

Health care of the family requires intervention from a variety of individuals and groups ranging from the neighbor to whom baby is sent, to the sophisticated teaching hospital.

•In relating to the community and its institutions, the family must arrive at some realistic basis of expectations. They must learn to appreciate their rights as individuals and at the same time to understand the limits inherent in the community or institutional situation. The family has a right, for example, to expect that those who provide care should be qualified, and that health services be run efficiently.

Question 31

What responsibilities should the family expect to assume

Answer 31

On the other hand, the family should expect to assume responsibility for :
•sending children to school on time,
•putting garbage in a covered container,
•securing immunization at the proper time,
•keeping clinic appointments as scheduled,
•for not making unreasonable demands on services that may be understaffed and overworked.

Question 32

These family health tasks are obviously of great importance, and the physician assistant must be deeply concerned with increasing the capability of each family to perform them,

•It is not enough to improve the family’s ability to care for an elderly and incapacitated patient at home while ignoring the need for changing a home environment that is upsetting the physical or emotional health of its other members.
•Nor is it enough to deal only with that often chance-selected portion of the population that receives care.
True or false

Answer 32

True