Diseases Associated With School Going Children Flashcards
Who is a child,disease,prevention,disability,infections
Who is a school going child
Child: A human being between the stages of birth and puberty. They are legally referred to as minors
•Disease: An abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or a part of an organism, stopping it from functioning normally
•Prevention: The action of stopping something from happening or arising
•Disability: Any condition of the body or mind that makes it more difficult for the person with the condition to do certain activities and interact with the world
•Infections: A diseases caused by a microorganisms that invade tissues
4-17 years old
Name five diseases affecting school going children
Name ten infectious diseases affecting school going children
Malnutrition •Infectious diseases •Intestinal parasites •Disabilities •Injuries or accidents •Behavioural problems
Viral infections: Gastroenteritis(Rotavirus) , Meningitis, Poliomyelitis, Viral hepatitis, Chickenpox, Mumps, rubella, measles,acute upper respiratory infections(rhinovirus,enterovirus)
●Bacterial Infections: Enteric fevers(salmonella typhi )Gastroenteritis(E. coli), Cholera, Food poisoning(Staph. Aureus), Yaws, Leprosy,Tetanus, Pneumococcal pneumonia, whooping cough, diphtheria(Corynebacterium diphtheriae),
Fungal Infections: Candidiasis
●Protozoa Infections: Amoebiasis, Giardiasis, Malaria,
● Helminthic Infections: Taeniasis, Fasciolasis, Hookworm, schistisomiasis, trypanosomiasis
How are infectious diseases transmitted
Name three effects of infectious diseases on school going kids
Infections can be acquired through close contact with infected persons
•Close contact may be direct or indirect. Direct:Infection by direct contact may result from touching an infected person.Indirect contact through the handling of contam- inated objects such as toys, handkerchiefs, soiled clothing
•Through the faeco-oral route.Faeco-oral transmission occurs mostly through inapparent faecal contam- ination of food, water and hands – the three main items that regularly make contact with the mouth.
•Through the air as droplets or aerosol particles and through body fluids.
Inability to concentrate on studies
- Emotional disturbances in frequent hospital admissions
- Loss of interest in school activities
- lethargy and loss of appetite
- Absenteeism
Name four complications and how to prevent infectious diseases in school going kids
Seizures • Disability • Chronic illness •Vision impairment •Dehydration • Malnutrition
oImmunization
oFrequent handwashing, good ventilation and keeping the environment of the school and classrooms clean.
oOvercrowding of children should be reduced
oScreening programs should be organized by the school regularly,
oThere should be frequent health education on infectious disease.
oEarly detection of diseases by parents and teachers
oImproving school health services for example including quarantine rooms in sick bays and improving the materials in sick bays.
What are disabilities
What is impairment
What is handicap
Childhood Disability can be defined as any restriction or lack of ability, resulting from an impairment, to perform an activity in the manner or range considered normal for the child.
•Such an impairment may be physical, cognitive, sensory, mental, developmental or any combination of these.
Impairment : any loss or abnormality of psychological or anatomical structure or function example visual impairment and hearing impairment
•Handicap: any disadvantage as a result of an impairment that limits the fulfillment of a particular role.
State the classifications of disabilities
And state the three dimensions of disabilities as well as three examples each
These can be classified as follows:
•Acquired: A disability that has developed during the persons lifetime as a result of an accident or illness rather than a disability the person is born with.
•Congenital: Disabilities present at birth. They often occur at birth or before birth. Example Downs syndrome,Autism spectrum disorder
•Inherited:Caused by abnormal genes inherited from parents
Disabilities can affect a person’s vision,movement,thinking,mental health,social relationships.
Disabilities have three dimensions according to World Health Organization:
• Impairment in a body’s structure, function, mental status, Examples of impairments of structure, function or mental health include, loss of a limb, loss of vision
•Activity limitations. Examples of activity limitation include seeing, hearing, walking
•Participation restrictions in normal daily activities. Examples of Participation restrictions include working, engaging in social and recreational activities.
Congenital disabilities are related to conditions that are present at birth and may affect functions later in life, including cognition (memory, learning, and understanding), mobility (moving around in the environment), vision, hearing, behavior, and other areas. These conditions may be:
•Disorders in single genes (for example, Duchenne muscular dystrophy);
•Disorders of chromosomes (for example, Down syndrome); and
•The result of the mother’s exposure during pregnancy to infections (for example, rubella) or substances, such as alcohol or cigarettes
True or false
State the types of disabilities
What are physical and sensory disabilities
Give four causes each
Physical Disability
•Sensory Disability
•Intellectual Disability
•Mental health and Emotional disabilities
Limitation of a persons physical function CAUSES •Poliomyelitis •Amputation •Hypoplastic limbs •Cerebral palsy •Stroke •Avascular necrosis of head of femur(SCD) •Club foot •Erb’s/ Klumpke palsy •TB of the spine
Sensory disability this is an impairment of one or more of the senses.
•Vision impairment
•Hearing and speech impairment
How are intellectual disabilities diagnosed and state some causes
What are mental health disabilities
diagnosis of Intellectual Disability is made if an individual has an intellectual functioning level well below average as well as significant limitations in two or more adaptive skill areas.
CAUSES
•Down syndrome
- Fragile X syndrome
- Asphyxia
- Epilepsy
- Fetal alcohol syndrome
MENTAL HEALTH AND EMOTIONAL DISABILITIES •A mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern generally associated with subjective distress or disability that occurs in an individual, and which are not a part of normal development or culture. •Trisomies- Down syndrome •Autism •Asphyxia •Epilepsy •Fetal alcohol syndrome
State two functions of the models of disabilities and give examples
Define the models you know
Various contexts in which the concept of disability can be considered hence the idea of models of disability.
•These models serve two major functions;
a) used as tools for defining disability
b) provide a basis for the government and society to devise strategies for meeting the needs of disabled people.
•Examples include the medical model, social model, religious, tragedy or charity model etc.
MEDICAL MODEL: Largely the problem of the individual, unconnected to the social or geographical environment
•Requires a sustained, individualized medical care by professionals
•Management seeks to achieve cure and to advocate behavioral adjustment and individual changes to achieve “almost cure”.
•SOCIAL MODEL:A socially created problem
•Not an attribute of the individual but the result of a complex collection of conditions created by the environment.
•Management requires a social action and is the collective responsibility of the society at large to modify the environment to promote full participation by persons with disability
RELIGIOUS MODEL:Moral responsibility for disability, for example a congenital disability may have been due moral wrongs on the part of the parts during pregnancy.
•Cure is achieved or sought through the performance of rituals meant to appease or pacify gods or through exorcism
•TRAGEDY OR CHARITY MODEL:This model views the disabled as victims of circumstance deserving of pity.
• This and the medical model are most frequently used to define and explain disability.
• Many persons with disability find the negative victim image however offensive.
What are the challenges of kids with disabilities
What is the impact on the family
Children with physical and mental disabilities experience personal limitations in the social, psychological and economic spheres, some of which can be alleviated with parental, community and government support.
IMPACT ON THE FAMILY Parental reactions to the realization that their child is exceptional usually include: •Shock •Depression •Sadness •Shame •Social rejection •Ridicule or embarrassment etc.
Social stigma
●Disability is linked with the witchcraft, juju especially in the Ghanaian society or the anger of the gods in a typical traditional setting.
●Many people believe that parents can exchange a part of their child’s body for money such that the exchanged part becomes defective in what they term sikaduro. This may lead to divorce or family disintegration.
•Stress of the family adapting to the child’s challenge
•The family may find it difficult to entertain friends at home or to visit others.
•Negative attitude of siblings toward disabled child over time.
• Difficulty transporting the child
Stress of the family adapting to the child’s challenge
•Marital disputes resulting in divorce
•The family may find it difficult to entertain friends at home or to visit others.
• Difficulty transporting the child
• Negative attitude of siblings toward disabled child over time such as
• Resentment, shame
• Sense of being neglected by parents leading to jealousy
What is the impact on the child
State some positive sides concerning disability on kids on the parents
IMPACT ON THE CHILD
•Pschycological
•Low self esteem:It may lead to suicidal tendencies
•Risk of neglect: Neglect is a passive form of abuse in which a guardian fails to provide adequate care for a child, exposing him/her to all forms of health and/or social hazards.
•Confusion, frustration, anxiety and anger.
•Health Impact :Neglect leading to lack of proper nutrition and health care
•Social Challenges
•Stigmatization: Offensive name calling. Eg. buulu by the Ga, asotowo` by the Ewe, ‘jimijimi’ and ‘nsuoba’ (for Down syndrome), ‘otolege’ by Akans
•Identification of the child by his/her disability, eg. the blind boy, the crippled girl
•Isolation: Restriction of the child’s movement
•Abuse (physical, sexual, emotional, verbal)
•Access to Services
•Disabled children have difficulty accessing some basic social amenities such as appropriate schools, friendly roads,
•Sign language for the deaf during social programs
• Few special schools for the disabled in the country
Some Positive Sides
•Some parents express a new appreciation for life and ordinary things they used to take for granted.
•In another study, some siblings also indicate that they had an increased understanding of people, were more tolerant and compassionate and had a greater appreciation of their own good health.
How do you deal w school going kids w disabilities
How do you prevent disabilities associated w school going kids
We need to provide adequate healthcare services for them
●Encourage sending them to special needs schools for disabilities
●Provide disability friendly structures and services such as ramps near stairs at vantage points in a building
●Encourage parental involvement
●Training teachers on how to deal with special needs children and how to be on the lookout for such children
●Discouraging bullying and stigmatization of children with disabilities.
●Health policy of compulsory folic acid supplementation for females of reproductive ages
● Safety measures :Traffic control, pedestrian over and underpass.
PREVENTION OF DISABILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN
•Pre-pregnancy planning
Mothers should be well educated about the dos and donts before,during and after pregnancy in order to prevent the occurrence of disabilities at birth or before birth .
•Immunization of children should be done at the different ages to prevent diseases that can cause disabilities. example Poliomyelitis can be prevented if child is vaccinated on time
•Special attention should be given to the environment school going children play in in order to prevent the occurrence of injuries that can cause disabilties.
What is rehabilitation
What does rehabilitation measure and what outcomes do you expect?
Defined as “a set of measures that assist individuals who experience, or are likely to experience disability to achieve and maintain optimal functioning in interaction with their environments.”
Rehabilitation measures target body functions and structures, activities and participation, environmental factors, and personal factors. They contribute to a person achieving and maintaining optimal functioning in interaction with their environment, using the following broad outcomes: •Prevention of the loss of function •Slowing the rate of loss of function •Improvement or restoration of function •Compensation for lost function •Maintenance of current function.
What is therapy
Give three therapy measures
Therapy is concerned with restoring and compensating for the loss of functioning and preventing or slowing deterioration in functioning in every area of a person’s life. Therapists and rehabilitation workers include occupational therapists, orthotists, physiotherapists, prosthetists, psychologists, rehabilitation and technical assistants, social workers and speech and language therapists.
•Therapy measures include:
•Training,
•Exercises
•Compensatory strategies
•Education
•Support and counseling
•Modifications to the environment
•Provision of resources and assistive technology
What is an assistive technology device
Give some examples
What is paralympics
When does UN celebrate disabilities
Assistive Technologies
•An assistive technology device can be defined as “any item, piece of equipment, or product, whether it is acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities”
•Common examples of assistive devices are:
•crutches, prostheses, orthoses, wheelchairs, and tricycles for people with mobility
•hearing aids and cochlear implants for those with hearing impairments;
•white canes, magnifiers, ocular devices, talking books, and software for screen magnification and reading for people with visual impairments;
•communication boards and speech synthesizers for people with speech impairments;
•devices such as day calendars with symbol pictures for people with cognitive impairment.
The Paralympics have grown from a small gathering of British World War II veterans in 1948 to become one of the largest international sporting events by the early 21st century.
•Ghana’s debut in 2004 in Athens
•Three representatives for two sports
•Returned in 2008 and 2012
•More support should be given to increase performance at the local level
•Internationally, more emphasis and funding should be placed on the paralympics to match that of the olympic games
•Benefit:
•To inspire children with disabilities to strive for greater heights
•Challenge them to do more for themselves
International Day of People with Disability (December 3) is an international observance promoted by the United Nations since 1992. It has been celebrated with varying degrees of success around the planet.
•The observance of the Day aims to promote an understanding of disability issues and mobilize support for the dignity, rights and well-being of persons with disabilities.
