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Biology > Mass transport > Flashcards

Mass transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the structure of haemaglobin?

A

Quaternary protein structure, made of four polypeptide chains

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2
Q

What is the process by which haemoglobin binds with oxygen?

A

Loading or associating

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3
Q

How does a high affinity for oxygen affect haemoglobin?

A

Takes up oxygen more easily, but release it less easily

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4
Q

What is the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

The relationship between the saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen and the partial pressure of oxygen

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5
Q

What is positive cooperativity?

A

After the first oxygen molecule has bound it induces the next subunit to bind to an oxygen molecule

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6
Q

Why is it harder for the fourth oxygen molecule to bind?

A

Probability- the majority of binding sites are occupied so it is harder for an oxygen molecule to find an empty site

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7
Q

What does it mean if the line on the dissociation curve is further to the left?

A

The greater the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

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8
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

The greater the concentration of carbon dioxide, the more readily the haemoglobin releases its oxygen

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9
Q

What are the features of a transport system?

A

A suitable medium, a form of mass transport, a closed system of tubular vessels, a mechanism for moving the transport medium

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10
Q

What is the name of the vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the kidneys?

A

Renal artery

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11
Q

What is the name of the vessel that removes deoxygenated blood from the kidneys?

A

Renal vein

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12
Q

Where is the heart?

A

In the thoracic cavity behind the sternum

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13
Q

What’s the structure of the atria?

A

Thin-walled and elastic and stretches as it collects blood

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14
Q

What’s the structure of the ventricles?

A

Much thicker muscular wall as it has to contract strongly to pump blood some distance

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15
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid (right) and bicuspid (left)

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16
Q

What do coronary arteries do?

A

Supply the heart muscle with oxygen

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17
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

Blockage of the coronary artery (for example a blood clot)

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18
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation of the heart

19
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction

20
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

The blood flows into the atria until their pressure exceeds the ventricles and the atrioventricular valves open and the blood falls into the ventricles (assisted by gravity)

21
Q

What is atrial systole?

A

The contraction of atrial walls, along with the recoil of the relaxed ventricle, forces remaining blood into ventricles

22
Q

What is ventricular systole?

A

The ventricle walls contract simultaneously, forcing the atrioventricular valves shut, blood is forces into the arteries

23
Q

What are the two semi-lunar valves?

A

Aortic and pulmonic

24
Q

What are pocket valves?

A

Veins that occur throughout the venous system

25
Q

What is the chordae tendonae?

A

The tissue that prevent the atrioventricular valves from moving in the opposite direction

26
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

27
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Smaller arteries that control blood flow from arteries to capillaries

28
Q

What does the tough fibrous outer layer of blood vessels do?

A

Resists pressure changes from both within and outside

29
Q

What does the muscle layer of blood vessels do?

A

Contract and so control the flow of blood

30
Q

What does the elastic layer of blood vessels do?

A

Helps to maintain blood pressure by stretching and springing back (recoiling)

31
Q

What does the thin inner lining (endothelium) of blood vessels do?

A

Smooth to reduce friction and thin to allow diffusion

32
Q

What does the lumen of blood vessels do?

A

Is not actually a layer but the central cavity of blood vessels through which the blood flows

33
Q

What’s the relative structure of arteries?

A

Thick muscle layer, thick elastic layer, overall thickness greater, no valves

34
Q

What’s the relative structure of arterioles compared to arteries?

A

Muscle layer is relatively thicker and the elastic layer is relatively thinner but the overall size is smaller

35
Q

Why is the muscle layer in arterioles thicker than arteries?

A

Contraction allows constriction of the lumen, which controls the flow of blood

36
Q

Why is the elastic layer thinner in arterioles than arteries?

A

Blood pressure is lower

37
Q

What’s the relative structure of veins?

A

Thin muscle layer, thin elastic layer, small overall thickness, interval valves

38
Q

What’s the relative structure of capillaries?

A

Their walls consist mostly of the lining layer, numerous and highly branched, narrow diameter, narrow lumen and spaces between the lining (endothelial)

39
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

Watery liquid that contains glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, ions in a solution and oxygen

40
Q

What does tissue fluid do?

A

Supply substances to tissues and in return, receives carbon dioxide and other waste from the tissues

41
Q

What is tissue fluid formed from?

A

Blood plasma and the composition of blood plasma is controlled by various homeostatic systems

42
Q

How does tissue fluid form?

A

Blood pumped by the heart passes along arteries, then the narrower arterioles and, finally, the even narrower capillaries, pumping by the heart creates hydrostatic pressure which causes tissue fluid to move out of the blood plasma

43
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

Pressure forcing only small enough molecules out of the capillaries, leaving all cells and proteins in the blood because these are too large to cross the membranes

44
Q

How does tissue fluid return to the circulatory system?

A

Returns to the blood plasma via the capillaries

Biology (22 decks)

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