Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Gas exchange > Flashcards

Gas exchange Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the tissue fluid?

A

The environment around the cells of multicellular organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How have organisms evolved to improve exchange?

A

A flattened shape (leaf) or specialised exchange areas (lungs/gills)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the features of specialised exchange surfaces?

A

Large SA relative to the volume of the organism, very thin to decrease diffusion distance, selectively permeable, movement of environmental medium (air) to maintain diffusion gradient and transport system (blood) to move internal medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the tracheae or insects?

A

Internal network of tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the tracheae prevent from collapsing?

A

Strengthened rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the tracheae divide into?

A

Tracheoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do the tracheoles extend to?

A

All the body tissue of the insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do respiratory gases move in and out of the tracheal system?

A

Along a diffusion gradient, mass transport and the ends of tracheoles are filled with water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the contraction of respiratory muscles aid mass transport?

A

Squeezes the trachea enabling mass movements of air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does anaerobic respiration affect the muscle cells?

A

Produces lactate which lowers the water potential of the cells, so water moves into the cells from tracheoles by osmosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why does the tracheoles being filled with water benefit the insect?

A

When the water level drops due to anaerobic activity, more air is drawn into the insect, the air diffuses quicker than the liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does gas enter the insects?

A

Spiracles on the body surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are spiracles opened?

A

A valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the limitations of insect gas exchange?

A

Small insects for short diffusion pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do fish require require a specialised gas exchange surface?

A

They are too large for SA:V and waterproof skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are the gills located?

A

Within the body of the fish behind the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are gill filaments structured?

A

Stacked up in a pile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are the gill lamellae?

A

At right angles to the gill filaments to increase the surface area of the gills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does water travel through the fish?

A

It moves in through the mouth and is forced over the gills before leaving through opening at either side of the fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the countercurrent flow?

A

Flow of water over the gill lamellae and the flow of blood within them are in opposite directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is the countercurrent exchange system beneficial?

A

Blood well-loaded with oxygen meets water with the maximum amount of oxygen, therefore diffusion into the blood can still occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How much of the oxygen in the water is transferred to the blood?

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is gas exchange in plants similar to that of insects?

A

No living cells are far from external air and diffusion takes place in the gas phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How are leaves adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

Many stomata (short diffusion pathway)
Numerous interconnected air spaces
Large SA of mesophyll cells (rapid diffusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are stomata?

A

Minute pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where are the stomata mainly found?

A

Mostly, but not exclusively, on the underside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does a stoma open and close?

A

Has a pair of guard cells that swell to close and control gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a dicotyledonous plant?

A

A plant that has seeds made of two parts

29
Q

How have insect evolved to reduce the water loss?

A

Small SA:V, waterproof covering and spiracles

30
Q

What is the waterproof covering in insects?

A

Rigid outer skeleton of chitin that is covered with a waterproof cuticle

31
Q

What are plants with restricted water supply called?

A

Xerophytes

32
Q

How are leaves modified for limiting water loss?

A

A thick cuticle, rolling up of leaves, hairy leaves, stomata in pits or grooves and reduced SA:V

33
Q

How much water loss occurs through the waxy cuticle?

A

10%

34
Q

What grass rolls its leaves?

A

Marram grass

35
Q

What is the benefit of plant leaves rolling?

A

Traps air and becomes saturated with water vapour to give a high water potential and stop diffusion

36
Q

How do hairy leaves benefit the plant?

A

Traps moisture to decrease potential gradient

37
Q

What plant type has hairy leaves?

A

One type of heather plant

38
Q

What plant has stomata in pit or grooves?

A

Pine trees

39
Q

Why are the volumes of CO2 and O2 that have to be exchanged in mammals large?

A

Relatively large organisms with a large volume of living cells and they maintain a high body temperature which is related to them having high metabolic and respiratory rates

40
Q

What are the lungs?

A

A pair of lobed structures made up of a series of tubules, called bronchioles, which end in tiny air sacs called alveoli

41
Q

What supports the trachea?

A

Rings of cartilage, that prevent it collapsing when the air pressure falls inside the lungs when breathing in

42
Q

What are the tracheal walls made up of?

A

Muscle tissue, lines with ciliated epithelium and goblet cells

43
Q

What does the mucus and cilia in the bronchi do?

A

Mucus traps dirt and cilia moves the dirt-laden mucus towards the throat

44
Q

How does the support of bronchi differ from trachea?

A

The cartilage is reduced ass the bronchi gets smaller

45
Q

What are the bronchioles walls made of?

A

Muscle lined with epithelium cells

46
Q

How does the muscle benefit the bronchioles?

A

They can constrict to control the flow of air into and out of the alveoli

47
Q

What is the diameter of alveoli

A

100-300 micrometers

48
Q

What exists between the alveoli?

A

Collagen and elastic fibres

49
Q

What are the alveoli lined with?

A

Epithelium

50
Q

What do the elastic fibres between alveoli do?

A

Allow the alveoli to stretch as they fill with air when breathing in, they then spring back to breathe out and force CO2 out

51
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Constant moving of air in and out of the lungs

52
Q

What causes inspiration?

A

When the atmospheric pressure of air is greater than that in the lungs

53
Q

What causes expiration?

A

When the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of the lungs

54
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A sheet of a muscle that separates the thorax and abdomen

55
Q

What contractions cause inspiration?

A

External intercostal muscles and diaphragm

56
Q

What contractions cause expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

57
Q

Is inspiration active or passive?

A

Active

58
Q

How does expiration differ?

A

During normal quiet breathing the elastic tissue is the main cause, however under strenuous conditions such as exercise do the various muscles play a major part

59
Q

What is the calculation for pulmonary ventilation rate?

A

Tidal volume x breathing rate

60
Q

How are the lungs adapted to enable efficient transfer of materials?

A

Thin, partially permeable membrane and have a large SA

61
Q

How are we adapted to maintain a diffusion gradient?

A

Capillary network (rich blood supply) and ventilation

62
Q

How many alveoli are there in each human lung?

A

About 300 million

63
Q

What is the total SA of all the alveoli in each human lung?

A

70m2

64
Q

How thick are the epithelial cells lining the alveoli?

A

0.05- 0.3 micrometers

65
Q

What is the lumen diameter of the surrounding cappilaries?

A

7-10 micrometers

66
Q

How thick are capillaries?

A

0.04-0.2 micrometers

67
Q

How is diffusion into capillaries rapid?

A

RBC are slowed, allowing more time
Distance reduced as RBC are flattened against capillary walls
Thin walls
Very large total SA
Steep concentration gradient

68
Q

What are the risk factors of lung disease?

A

Smoking, air pollution, genetic makeup, infections and occupation

69
Q

How is an insect’s tracheal system adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

Tracheoles have thin walls so short
diffusion distance to cells
Highly branched/large number of
tracheoles so short diffusion distance to
cells and large surface area
Tracheae provide tubes full of air so fast
diffusion
Fluid in the end of the tracheoles that
moves out into tissues, during exercise
so faster diffusion through the air to the
gas exchange surface and larger surface area
Body can be moved (by muscles) to move
air so maintains diffusion/concentration
gradient for oxygen/carbon dioxide;

Biology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions