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Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many species have been named?

A

1.8 million

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2
Q

How many species are predicted?

A

10 to 100 million

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3
Q

What are species?

A

They are capable of breeding to produce living, fertile offspring

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4
Q

How are organisms identified?

A

The binomial system

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5
Q

What are the features of the binomial system?

A

Universal system based on latin or greek, the first name is the generic name (genus) and the second name is the specific name (species)

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6
Q

What are the rules for the binomial system?

A

If written they are underlined and typed in italics, the generic name has a capital letter and the specific name is all lower case and if the specific name is not known it can be written as sp

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7
Q

What does courtship behaviour enable individuals to do?

A

Recognise members of their own species
Identify a mate that is capable of breeding
Form a pair bond
Synchronise mating
Become able to breed

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8
Q

Why is courtship behaviour used by males?

A

Determine whether the female is at the receptive stage

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9
Q

What is classification?

A

The grouping of organisms

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10
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The theory and practice of biological classification

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11
Q

What are the two different types of classification?

A

Artificial and phylogenetic

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12
Q

What is artificial classification?

A

Divides organisms according to differences that are useful at the time (colour, size, number of legs, leaf shape), they are analogous characteristics where they have the same function but different evolutionary origins

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13
Q

What is phylogenetic classification?

A

Based upon evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors, it classifies species into groups using shared features derived from their ancestors and arranges the groups into a hierarchy, in which the groups are contained within larger composite groups with no overlap

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14
Q

What is a taxon?

A

A group within phylogenetic biological classification

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15
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archeae and Eukarya

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16
Q

What’s the taxon group order?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

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17
Q

How do archeae differ from bacteria?

A

Their genes and protein synthesis are more similar to eukaryotes
Their membranes contain fatty acids attached to glycerol by ether linkages
No murein in their cell walls
More complex form of RNA polymerase

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18
Q

What are the four kingdoms of the Eukarya domain?

A

Protoctista, fungi, plantea and animalia

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19
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The Evolutionary relationship between organisms

20
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

Number and variety of living organisms in a particular area

21
Q

What are the three components of biodiversity?

A

Species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity

22
Q

What is species diversity?

A

The number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within any one community

23
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

Variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up a population of a species

24
Q

What is ecosystem diversity?

A

Range of different habitats, from a small local habitat to the whole world

25
Q

What is species richness?

A

A measure of species diversity, the number of different species in a particular area at a given time

26
Q

What is the biodiversity index equation?

A

D = Σni(ni-1) / N(N-1)

27
Q

What are the impacts of agriculture?

A

The number of species and the genetic variety of alleles they possess is reduced to the few that exhibit the desired features

28
Q

What agricultural practices have directly removed habitats and reduced species diversity?

A

Removal of hedgerows and grubbing out woodland
Creating monocultures
Filing in ponds and draining marsh and other wetland
Over-grazing of land

29
Q

What agricultural practices can have an indirect effect on habitats and diveristy?

A

Use of pesticides and inorganic fertilisers
Escape of effluent from silage stores and slurry tanks into water courses
Absence of crop rotation and lack of intercropping and undersowing

30
Q

What are some conservation techniques?

A

Maintain existing and plant hedgerows
Maintain existing ponds and create new ones
Leave wet corners
Plant native trees
Reduce the use of pesticides and inorganic fertiliser
Crop rotation of nitrogen-fixing crops
Intercropping

31
Q

What is intercropping?

A

Growing two or more crops on an area of land, this increases the land yield

32
Q

What is the DEFRA and what do they do?

A

The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, they make financial incentives to farmers who practice conservation techniques as they are expensive

33
Q

What does the variety of characteristics within organisms depend on?

A

The range of alleles of that gene (plus environmental factors)

34
Q

What is the limitation of comparing species by observable characteristics?

A

A large number of them are coded for by more than one gene (polygenic) and characteristics can be modified by the environment

35
Q

What happens when one species gives rise to a new species during evolution?

A

The DNA of the new species will be very similar to that of the old one, due to mutations the sequence of nucleotide bases in the DNA will change

36
Q

What else can be used to compare species?

A

mRNA and amino acid sequence in proteins

37
Q

What is interspecific variation?

A

If one species differs from another

38
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A

Members of the same species differing from each other

39
Q

Why might measurements of species not be representative?

A

Sampling bias and chance

40
Q

What causes sampling bias?

A

Making unrepresentative choices either deliberately or unwittingly

41
Q

How can chance affect representative sampling?

A

Individuals chosen may, by pure chance, not be representative

42
Q

How is random sampling carried out?

A

Dividing study are into a grid of numbered lines and using random numbers obtain coordinates and take samples at the intersection

43
Q

How can chance be minimised?

A

Using a large sample size and analysis of the data collected

44
Q

What is the shape of the normal distribution curve?

A

Bell shaped curve

45
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

Measure of the width of the curve and indicated the range of values either side of the mean

46
Q

How many measurements lie within +- 1 standard deviation?

A

68%

Biology (22 decks)

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