Mary Flashcards
how did Mary deal with the challenge from Lady Jane Grey?
gathered Catholic supporters among nobility and gentry and rebels of the Kett’s rebellion
when was Mary proclaimed Queen?
July 1553
how did Mary aim to rule England?
- restoration of Catholic faith took priority
- appointed 50 councillors during reign- inefficient governance
- advice from 2 foreigners she trusted: husband Philip of Spain and Simon Renard ambassador of Charles V
when was Mary’s Spanish marriage?
1554
why was the Spanish marriage a potential problem?
public opinion was hostile to a foreign marriage
what were the terms of the marriage treaty?
- gave Philip the title of King but no actual power
- forbade foreigners from holding English offices
- ruled that Philip had no claim on the English Crown if Mary died before he did
- absolved England from any involvement in Philip’s wars
why was the 1554 marriage treaty not a success?
- Philip found the English unwelcoming and was unimpressed by his new wife
- in 1555, parliament prevented Philip’s coronation as King
what was Mary’s relationship with foreign powers?
- the election of anti-Spanish pope Paul IV in 1555 led to renewed war between France ad Spain and Mary decided to support Spain
- the French campaign turned into a disaster as it led to the loss of Calais in January 1558
what religious issues did Mary face at the beginning of her reign?
- there was a strong protestant minority in London and the south
- reformed protestant church of England had been established by statute law
- many members of the political elite had acquired church land and had no desire to return it
how did Mary deal with protestant threats?
- prominent protestant clergy including 7 bishops were deprived of their livings
- foreign protestants ordered to leave the country
when was Mary’s first parliament?
October 1553
what happened at Mary’s first parliament?
- Edwardian religious legislation was repealed but the legal status of the church was upheld
- the church was restored to its state of 1547
- clergy who had married could be deprived of their livings
how did Pope Julius III react to Mary’s religious reform?
- he demanded that the church submit to Rome before dispensations to land owners of ex-Church property could be granted
- he then agreed not to claim back church land that had been sold
what happened at Mary’s third parliament of November 1554?
- restored the heresy laws (1554) which made it punishable by death to deny papal supremacy
- Act of supremacy (1555) made the pope leader of the church again
what were Mary’s key religious reforms?
- in 1553 Mary reinstated the Catholic faith
- under the heresy laws Mary persecuted protestants (280 burnt at the stake)
what carrots did Mary and Pole use to handle religious changes?
- Pole encouraged bishops to make regular visitations to their dioceses
- Pole believed in clerical education- introduction of the Catholic new testament
- sermons sponsored
what sticks did Mary and Pole use to handle religious changes?
- London Synod of 1555 drew up 12 decrees for priests to be resident
- draconian measures taken against those who refused catholicism
- December 1554 heresy laws restored
- suppression of protestant words
why was there social distress during Mary’s reign?
- population growth combined with a limited increase in productivity
- debasement worsened inflation
- 1555 and 1556 harvest failures
- high taxation to pay for war with France
what attempts did Mary make to address socioeconomic issues?
- 1556-8 re-coinage plans were drawn up
- 1555 the Poor Law Act licensed beggars to wear badges to encourage donations
- encouraged farming from pasture to crop
what economic success was there for Mary?
the reorganisation of the administration and finance of the navy; 6 new ships were built and others repaired, laying foundations for a powerful navy for Elizabeth
when was the Wyatt’s rebellion?
1553-1554
what was the Wyatt’s rebellion?
- rebels hoped to unseat Mary in favour of Elizabeth or Jane Grey
- 4 simultaneous rising in Devon, Hertfordshire, Leicestershire and Kent
- in Kent Sir Thomas Wyatt raised 3k men and tried to march on London but were forced to surrender within a month
what were the causes of the Wyatt’s rebellion?
- the Spanish marriage
- Mary’s religious outlook
- social and economic grievances
what was Calvinism?
- included the doctrine of predestination and accepted Lutheran beliefs
- rejected ritual and sacraments not founded on the scriptures
- churches administered by a non-hierarchical ministry
what were Calvinist churches like?
- plain and free of images
- believed Christ’s presence was spiritual not physical
- calvinist church and the state were separate bodies, although Calvin believed cooperation between the two was desirable
