Mary

Question 1

how did Mary deal with the challenge from Lady Jane Grey?

Answer 1

gathered Catholic supporters among nobility and gentry and rebels of the Kett’s rebellion

Question 2

when was Mary proclaimed Queen?

Answer 2

July 1553

Question 3

how did Mary aim to rule England?

Answer 3

• restoration of Catholic faith took priority
• appointed 50 councillors during reign- inefficient governance
• advice from 2 foreigners she trusted: husband Philip of Spain and Simon Renard ambassador of Charles V

Question 4

when was Mary’s Spanish marriage?

Answer 4

1554

Question 5

why was the Spanish marriage a potential problem?

Answer 5

public opinion was hostile to a foreign marriage

Question 6

what were the terms of the marriage treaty?

Answer 6

• gave Philip the title of King but no actual power
• forbade foreigners from holding English offices
• ruled that Philip had no claim on the English Crown if Mary died before he did
• absolved England from any involvement in Philip’s wars

Question 7

why was the 1554 marriage treaty not a success?

Answer 7

• Philip found the English unwelcoming and was unimpressed by his new wife
• in 1555, parliament prevented Philip’s coronation as King

Question 8

what was Mary’s relationship with foreign powers?

Answer 8

• the election of anti-Spanish pope Paul IV in 1555 led to renewed war between France ad Spain and Mary decided to support Spain
• the French campaign turned into a disaster as it led to the loss of Calais in January 1558

Question 9

what religious issues did Mary face at the beginning of her reign?

Answer 9

• there was a strong protestant minority in London and the south
• reformed protestant church of England had been established by statute law
• many members of the political elite had acquired church land and had no desire to return it

Question 10

how did Mary deal with protestant threats?

Answer 10

• prominent protestant clergy including 7 bishops were deprived of their livings
• foreign protestants ordered to leave the country

Question 11

when was Mary’s first parliament?

Answer 11

October 1553

Question 12

what happened at Mary’s first parliament?

Answer 12

• Edwardian religious legislation was repealed but the legal status of the church was upheld
• the church was restored to its state of 1547
• clergy who had married could be deprived of their livings

Question 13

how did Pope Julius III react to Mary’s religious reform?

Answer 13

• he demanded that the church submit to Rome before dispensations to land owners of ex-Church property could be granted
• he then agreed not to claim back church land that had been sold

Question 14

what happened at Mary’s third parliament of November 1554?

Answer 14

• restored the heresy laws (1554) which made it punishable by death to deny papal supremacy
• Act of supremacy (1555) made the pope leader of the church again

Question 15

what were Mary’s key religious reforms?

Answer 15

• in 1553 Mary reinstated the Catholic faith

- under the heresy laws Mary persecuted protestants (280 burnt at the stake)

Question 16

what carrots did Mary and Pole use to handle religious changes?

Answer 16

• Pole encouraged bishops to make regular visitations to their dioceses
• Pole believed in clerical education- introduction of the Catholic new testament
• sermons sponsored

Question 17

what sticks did Mary and Pole use to handle religious changes?

Answer 17

• London Synod of 1555 drew up 12 decrees for priests to be resident
• draconian measures taken against those who refused catholicism
• December 1554 heresy laws restored
• suppression of protestant words

Question 18

why was there social distress during Mary’s reign?

Answer 18

• population growth combined with a limited increase in productivity
• debasement worsened inflation
• 1555 and 1556 harvest failures
• high taxation to pay for war with France

Question 19

what attempts did Mary make to address socioeconomic issues?

Answer 19

• 1556-8 re-coinage plans were drawn up
• 1555 the Poor Law Act licensed beggars to wear badges to encourage donations
• encouraged farming from pasture to crop

Question 20

what economic success was there for Mary?

Answer 20

the reorganisation of the administration and finance of the navy; 6 new ships were built and others repaired, laying foundations for a powerful navy for Elizabeth

Question 21

when was the Wyatt’s rebellion?

Answer 21

1553-1554

Question 22

what was the Wyatt’s rebellion?

Answer 22

• rebels hoped to unseat Mary in favour of Elizabeth or Jane Grey
• 4 simultaneous rising in Devon, Hertfordshire, Leicestershire and Kent
• in Kent Sir Thomas Wyatt raised 3k men and tried to march on London but were forced to surrender within a month

Question 23

what were the causes of the Wyatt’s rebellion?

Answer 23

• the Spanish marriage
• Mary’s religious outlook
• social and economic grievances

Question 24

what was Calvinism?

Answer 24

• included the doctrine of predestination and accepted Lutheran beliefs
• rejected ritual and sacraments not founded on the scriptures
• churches administered by a non-hierarchical ministry

Question 25

what were Calvinist churches like?

Answer 25

• plain and free of images
• believed Christ’s presence was spiritual not physical
• calvinist church and the state were separate bodies, although Calvin believed cooperation between the two was desirable