Henry VII- Foreign relations

Question 1

what were the aims of H7 foreign policy?

Answer 1

• to maintain good relations with European powers (allowing him to consolidate his power at home)
• to gain international recognition for the Tudor dynasty
• to maintain national security
• to defend English trading interests

Question 2

when and what was the Intercursus Magnus?

Answer 2

February 1496- H7 and Phillip IV of Burgundy ended the trade embargo and Margaret of Burgundy recognised Henry’s position as King

Question 3

what were relations like with Burgundy before the death of MoB in 1503?

Answer 3

After Margaret’s support for Perkin Warbeck, Henry broke trade relations with Burgundy as he was more concerned with securing his dynasty than protecting the commercial interests of London

Question 4

when and what was the Treaty of Redon?

Answer 4

1489:

• Henry agreed to support the claim of Duke Francis’ young daughter, Duchess Anne, anxious not to antagonise the French
• agrees to support Breton independence with 6000 troops
• signed with Brittany

Question 5

when and why did Henry invade France in 1492?

Answer 5

he knew that Charles (France) was more interested in invading Italy than fighting the English so he raised revenue and invaded France with 26,000 men and the French rapidly sought peace

Question 6

when and what was the Treaty of Etaples?

Answer 6

November 1492- Charles (France) agreed that he would no longer support any pretenders to the English throne. Henry also received 745k crowns paid in annual instalments which made about 5% of his total annual income
- after English invasion of France

Question 7

when and what was the Treaty of Windsor?

Answer 7

1506 : - Henry recognised Philip of Burgundy’s claim to Castile, and they promised to assist each other against rebels

• Philip handed over the Yorkist Earl of Suffolk to Henry
• a marriage was arranged between Henry and Philip’s sister Margaret (came to nothing)
• Intercursus Malus trade agreement

Question 8

when and what was the Intercursus Malus?

Answer 8

April 1506- commercial trade agreement made between Henry and Philip of Burgundy but it was never implemented after Philip’s death in September

Question 9

why was Henry diplomatically isolated in 1508?

Answer 9

because he was not a signatory of the League of Cambrai which was formed by the HRE, Spain, France and The Papacy

Question 10

who were the rulers of Spain?

Answer 10

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

Question 11

when and what was the Treaty of Medina del Campo?

Answer 11

March 1489- agreed a marriage alliance between Catherine of Aragon (Ferdinand and Isabella’s daughter) and Prince Arthur (Henry eldest son)

Question 12

when did Catherine and Arthur get married?

Answer 12

November 1501

Question 13

when did Arthur die?

Answer 13

April 1502- increased the insecurity of Henry’s dynasty

Question 14

what happened after Arthur’s death?

Answer 14

a new proposed marriage was made between Catherine and Arthur’s younger brother, Henry; a treaty was signed in 1503 and a marriage was planned for 1506

Question 15

what were relations like between England and Scotland?

Answer 15

anglo-scottish relations were tense between 1485-95

Question 16

why were relations bad with scotland in 1495-6?

Answer 16

James IV of Scotland supported Perkin Warbeck and provided a small army to invade England in 1496 which threatened a war between the two countries

Question 17

when and what was the truce of Ayton?

Answer 17

1497- England and Scotland made the Truce of Ayton which was a treaty of perpetual peace between the two countries

Question 18

why was the succession of the tudor dynasty insecure?

Answer 18

• Arthur’s unexpected death in 1502
• the new heir, Prince Henry, was still a child
• the Yorkists had a powerful claimant in the Earl of Suffolk
• Henry VII’s health was deteriorating
• the death of Henry’s wife, Elizabeth of York, in 1503, meant no more children would be forthcoming

Question 19

when and why were Empson and Dudley arrested?

Answer 19

1509- they were too powerful and hated by the public so Henry did it for popularity

Question 20

was Henry successful in achieving his foreign policy aims?

Answer 20

• broadly his aims were to maintain good relationships with Europe whilst strengthening the tudor dynasty
• in this he was largely successful overcoming various pretenders and setbacks to reach agreements with France, Burgundy, Spain and Scotland achieving security
• agreements with Spain and Scotland were cemented with marriage alliances, ensuring that by the end of his reign the tudor dynasty would be accepted internationally

Question 21

what is a trade embargo?

Answer 21

a governmental order to restrict trade of certain goods or all goods entirely to a foreign country