Elizabeth religion and FP Flashcards
what were Elizabeth’s short term aims on coming to the throne?
- consolidate her position
- settle religious issues
- end war with France
what and when was the Act of Supremacy?
1559:
- repealed the papal supremacy and Marian heresy laws
- reinstated the religious legislation of Henry VIII’s reign and revived the powers of royal visitation of the church
when was the Act of Uniformity?
1559
what was the Act of Uniformity?
- demanded everyone go to church once a week or pay a fine of 12 pence
- established the use of the new book of common prayer which was carefully worded to allow variations in Eucharist belief
when were the royal injunctions introduced?
1559
what were the royal injunctions?
A set of injunctions that nominated visitors to inspect churches giving instructions to:
- remove ‘things superstitious’
- English bible and Erasmus’s paraphrases for every church
- no altar
- suppression of catholic practices
when were the Thirty-Nine articles introduced?
1563
what were the Thirty-Nine Articles?
- defined the doctrine of the CoE
- broadly supported reformed doctrine
key points of Elizabeth’s religious settlement?
- acts of supremacy and uniformity supported by royal injunctions
- arrival of visitors followed by removal of altars and images
- Treason Act devised to obtain Bulls from Rome
how was catholicism suppressed?
- draconian measures/ punishments used
- by 1590 only 1/4 of Marian clergy were still alive
what were the problems of the religious settlement?
- the quality of the clergy. All catholic bishops resigned
- confusion over doctrine
what was the cause of the Vestments controversy?
the Marian exiles mistakenly believed that the ornaments Rubric would not be enforced. This led to the Vestments controversy
what was the vestments controversy?
- between 1559 and 63, Puritan clergy cautiously pushed for the removal of elements of the new church which they thought were too catholic
what groups threatened the religious settlement?
- jesuits (catholic society)
- Puritans (extremist protestants)
- more?
when was the treaty of Cateau-Cambresis?
April 1559
what was the treaty of Cateau-Cambresis?
- Elizabeth ended the French war in April 1559
- meant French would retain Calais for 8 years but after France would pay England 125k or return it
why did Elizabeth intervene in the French wars of religion?
- intervened due to the war of religion in France- a group of Huguenots massacred in March 1562 in Vassy
- she had little sympathy for Protestant rebels but saw it as an opportunity to recover Calais
who were the Huguenots?
French protestants
what and when was the Treaty of Hampton Court?
- signed with the Prince of Conde March 1563
- 6000 troops and loan of 30k sent to help Huguenots
was Elizabeth successful in her intervention in the French wars of religion?
- French forces united against the English who held Le Havre but this was besieged and abandoned
- war ended at the Peace of Amboise
- intervention brought no benefits
when and what was the treaty of Troyes?
- April 1564
- England’s claim to Calais was finally forfeited after failed intervention in the wars of religion
why did Elizabeth intervene in Scotland in 1559?
- protestantism making headway in Scotland
- John Knox returned in 1559 provoking a wave of iconoclasm
- October 1559 Protestant Lord suspended the regency of Mary of Guise and the arrival of French troops show how they wanted Catholicism to remain
how did Elizabeth intervene in Scotland in 1559?
- sent assistance to Protestant forces in Scotland as Cecil was insistent
- in Dece in 1559 an English fleet was sent up to Firth of Forth dividing French forces in Fife from those in Leith
- Huguenot resistance in France left the with domestic issues
was Elizabeth successful in her intervention in Scotland in 1559?
- July 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh signed- all French troops evacuated and Protestant faith recognised in Scotland
- very successful
what were relations with Spain in the early 1560s?
- due to English support for the Huguenots Anglo Spanish relations deteriorated
- Margaret of Palma, Philip II’s regent in the Netherlands imposed a ban on the export of English cloth to Antwerp
important points about Elizabeth’s early foreign policy?
- her position both abroad and at home strengthened in the first 8 years
- claim to the throne universally accepted thanks to the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis
- arrival of MQOS in Scotland in 1561 meant there was a catholic successor close
when did MQOS arrive in the Netherlands?
1561
what was her foreign policy with the Netherlands from 1566-1585?
- 1566 wave of protest at ecclesiastical reforms threatened vested interests and the spread of Calvinism, violence broke out in cities
- 1567 Duke of Alva arrived with 10k Spanish troops and until 1609 there remained a strong Spanish military presence
- revolt of the Netherlands lasted the next 40 years
when was the Netherlands divided into two halves?
1579- catholic union of Arras in the south and the Calvinist dominated Union of Utrecht in the north
what was Elizabeth’s foreign policy?
- concerned the security of her throne about all things
- reluctant to get involved in a war she might not win
- short of money
- reluctant to support rebels against fellow monarchs
- Cecil and Elizabeth placed political needs before religious
when were the French wars of religion?
began in 1562 and continued intermittently until 1598
who were the 2 sides of the French wars of religion?
- Catholic side led by the Guise family
- protestants led by the Prince of Conde and the kings of Navarre
when was the St Bartholomew’s day massacre?
1572
what was the St Bartholomew’s day massacre?
- 3000 protestants in Paris killed and between 500-20,000 across the rest of France
- appalled protestant opinion across Europe
what was FP with Scotland from 1566-1585?
?
what was FP with the New World 1566-1585?
- friction due to England’s growing interest in the New World
- in 1494 under the treaty of Treaty of Tordesillas signed by Spain and Portugal meaning American continent was reserved for Spain. Spanish saw non-Spanish traders as trespassers
when did the Papal bull excommunicate Elizabeth?
1570
when was the Ridolfi plot?
1571
in what ways was Elizabeth’s war with Spain successful?
- ultimately her objectives were achieved, Netherlands were restored to Spain on a semi-autonomous basis while the Northern provinces remained free
- luck (external factors were in her favour)
- English intervention enabled Maurice of Nassau to establish an independent Netherlands in the north
in what ways was Elizabeth’s war with Spain unsuccessful?
- never able to authorise full scale attacks
- she wasn’t able to avoid war with Spain despite it being one of the main aims of her foreign policy
- war cannot be considered a success due to its length and cost
- she was reluctant to make decisions or give commanders leeway to act on the sport
- strain on resources caused domestic unrest in the 1590s
