marxism explanation

Question 1

althusser 1970

Answer 1

• repressive state apparatus, government, armed forces, cjs
• ideological state apparatus: family, peers, media, religion, education

Question 2

box 1932

Answer 2

socially constructed by those powerful
- avoidable killing are less serious crimes appropriate for civil proceedings
- criminal stats manipulated to criminalise the powerless

Question 3

bonger 1916 - alienation

Answer 3

sense of pwoerlessness and alck of control against capitalist system
- crime is caused by poverty during economic depressions
- capitalism creates competitive and inequal environment

Question 4

argument 1 - capitalism causes crime

Answer 4

ideology is promoted and spread through socialisation
- societies are necessarily unequal
- inequalities lwad to amterial deprivation
- status frustration

Question 5

argument 1 capitalism causes crime - evaluation

Answer 5

• communist societies still have crime
• some capitalist societieies have low crime rates e.g. switzerland

Question 6

argument 2 - crime is a reaction to exploitation - hebdige 1988

Answer 6

working class crime and deviance are signs of resistance and rebellion
- fighting against their exploitation

Question 7

argument 2 - crime is a reaction to exploitation - subcultural theories

Answer 7

destruction of communities by rich developers
- youth developed a subculture to resist destruction of culture

Question 8

argument 2 crime is a reaction to exploitation - evaluation

Answer 8

• most victims of working class crime are other working class people
• nto all subcultures arise from the working class

Question 9

argument 3 - law is biased in favour of rich

Answer 9

laws reflect the interests of the bourgeoisie
acts defined as criminal are those that threaten the bourgeoisie

Question 10

argument 3 - chambliss 1976

Answer 10

1349 vacancy laws promoted as being good but they increased the profits of rich people
- after black death labour force decimated to public pulled together
- workers fought for higher wages
- law forced workers to accept whatever pay was offered

Question 11

argument 3 law is biased - evaluation

Answer 11

• some capitalist acitvities have been criminalised e.g insider trading
• some laws favour poor sections of society e.g welfare

Question 12

argument 4 - the law is selectively enforced

Answer 12

those who are poor will be demonised for smaller crimes yet the high status occupational crimes will go unpunished even though they do more damage

Question 13

argument 4 - pearce 1976

Answer 13

prosecutions for corporate crime are rare as they would make society rethink the view of crime as a working class action

Question 14

argument 4 - box 1983

Answer 14

the powerful have successfully promoted the idea that corporate cirme is less serious than street crime, violence and burglary

Question 15

argument 4 - slapper and tombs 1999

Answer 15

behaviour of multinational corporations in developing countries proves that illegal and immoral practices are normal under capitalism

Question 16

argument 4 law is selectively enforced - evaluation

Answer 16

• poor working conditions pollution and low pay are not restricted to capitalist countries