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Making the familiar strange > Marxism > Flashcards

Marxism Flashcards

1
Q

how is Marx different to other positivists?

A

doesn’t advocate a distanced objectivity

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2
Q

what did Marx believe about society?

A

had the potential to be a radically different place – free from exploitation, alienation and social inequality

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3
Q

when did Marx enter adulthood?

A

during the early stages of industrialisation

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4
Q

what is the economic base?

A

composed of the forces (means) of production and the relations of production

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5
Q

what is the superstructure?

A

reflects and supports the economic base

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6
Q

what are the forces of production?

A

raw materials, method of work and production

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7
Q

what are the relations of production?

A

relations into which people are organised to carry out productive tasks

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8
Q

how did Marx divide the history of societies? (4)

A

hunter gatherer
societies arranged around slavery
feudal society
capitalism

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9
Q

how did he distinguish between the different modes of production?

A

Each society has a dominant class relationship and is based on a particular form of exploitation

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10
Q

what happened in hunter gatherer societies?

A

no ownership of land, primarily egalitarian social relations

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11
Q

what happened in societies arranged around slavery?

A

highly hierarchical due to relations of production, agriculture, cities begin to form

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12
Q

what happened in feudal societies?

A

certain people who own land, peasants and surfs who exist on this land and give a percentage of what they own to the Lord, and in return get protection, rise of merchant class at the end which leads to capitalism

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13
Q

what happens in capitalist societies?

A

marked by certain people owning the means of production and others not, proletariat have to save their labour to exist within the system, exploitation

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14
Q

what are two examples about how the ideology of an era is defined by the economic base?

A

capitalism - licensing and legally enforcing private property including the means of production
feudal society - religion – the King is in his role due to God

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15
Q

what do the bourgeoise own?

A

means of production

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16
Q

what do the proletariat own?

A

their labour

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17
Q

what is a commodity?

A

object with an exchange value

18
Q

what is an exchange value?

A

what could the object be traded for

19
Q

what is a use value?

A

related to what the individual can do with the good

20
Q

what is the labour theory of value?

A

the value of an object is related to how much labour goes in to creating it

21
Q

in what ways is a worker alienated?

A
  • Alienation from product
  • Alienation from work process itself
  • Alienation from other humans
  • Alienation from species being
22
Q

who did Hochschild focus on in the 1983 study?

A

individuals in hospitality whose job it was to appear happy and friendly

23
Q

what did Hochschild find?

A
  • Mentally detach themselves from their own feelings
  • Workers are becomes enstranged from their feelings
  • Even human feelings have become commodified
24
Q

what is the aim of communism?

A

to create a form of production and organisation of society in which people can overcome alienation

25
Q

what do many refugees experience in the UK according to Vickers? (3)

A

destitution, periodic detention, and the constant psychological stress of threatened deportations

26
Q

why did the economic crisis happen?

A

endless extension of credit pursued by the most economically advanced capitalist countries

27
Q

how did the bailouts massively effect the working and middle classes of many countries?

A

money paid out by the state is clawed back through significant reductions in the public sector, including cutting essential services and redundancies for tens of thousands of state employees

28
Q

how did the economic crisis further destabilise the world?

A

the main imperialist states become more aggressive to advance their interests against their rivals, sometimes resorting to direct military action which displaces many individuals

29
Q

why are oppressed countries now used to increase international capital investment? (5)

A

freedom from environmental and planning controls, restrictions on union organisation, low wages, low health and safety standards, and lax controls on tax and repatriation of profits

30
Q

how is the international reserve army of labour used to oppress the domestic working class?

A

used as a bargaining power, to cushion employers against shocks

31
Q

how are the international reserve army of labour oppressed? (6)

A

a higher rate of exploitation and profit through systematic discrimination,
denial of rights and harassment of ethnic minority labour including underpayment of wages,
unauthorised deductions,
non-compliance with health and safety,
long working hours and
overcrowded, unsafe or otherwise unsuitable housing

32
Q

why do migrant workers accept these conditions?

A

while the material conditions of life available to most in their countries of origin are even poorer

33
Q

how can it be seen that borders are marked by class and capital? (Barber and Lem)

A

capital can move freely, whilst immigration of those from oppressed nations is still heavily regulated

34
Q

how are refugees even divided by class? (Bloch)

A

often only those who have the resources who can flee to a rich imperialist country, and not another oppressed country nearby

35
Q

how are domestic workers oppressed?

A

A survey in 2002 found that two thirds of respondents had experienced physical abuse from their employers

36
Q

why are A8 workers preferred over other migrants? (Datta et al) (2)

A

for their ‘whiteness’ and on the understanding that they would be more likely to return to their country of origin than people who have travelled greater distances

37
Q

which countries make up A8?

A 
Czech Republic.
Estonia.
Hungary.
Latvia.
Lithuania.
Poland.
Slovakia.
Slovenia
38
Q

what percentage of requests by A8 workers for tax-funded, income-related benefits were refused by the government in the first quarter of 2010?

A

71%

39
Q

how are the migrant workers who work for supermarkets oppressed?

A

low prices and ‘just in time’ methods lead to dependency on gangmasters for food, work and board, together with threats and intimidation

40
Q

what number of nurses (out of 20,000) who joined the medical register in 2003- 2004 came from overseas?

A

15,000

41
Q

what percentage of those living on the street in London were estimated to be from Eastern and Central Europe in 2009?

A

20%

Making the familiar strange (10 decks)

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